2 
growth and the sawdust-like castings, consisting of excrementitious 
matter and gnawings of woody fiber, which the larve extrude from 
the openings into their burrows. This manifestation is usually 
accompanied by more or less evident discoloration of the bark and, 
in early spring particularly, by shght exudation of sap. 
The parent of this borer is a beautiful beetle, measuring from three- 
fourths to nearly an inch in length, the male being perceptibly nar- 
rower than the female. The antenne are long, stout, and many- 
jointed, being somewhat shorter than the body of the insect itself. 
These organs and the legs are gray, the undersurface of the body and 
the head are silvery white, and the upper surface is light yellowish 
brown with two longitudinal white stripes extending through the 
thorax and elytra or wing-covers to the tip, as is shown in the accom- 
panying figure 1, c. 
The larva, when mature, measures from three-fourths to a little 
over an inch in length (22-26™"). It is legless, fleshy, and some- 
what grub-like in appearance, cylindrical in form, and light yellow 
in color. The head is darker, particularly about the mandibles, 
which are nearly black. The first thoracic segment is large-and broad 
and bears on its summit numerous small tubercles, placed closely to- 
gether. The remaining joints of the body are narrower, the constric- 
tions between them being deep and conspicuous. The first seven 
abdominal segments bear on the upper surface of each a peculiar 
elevated process, as shown at figure 1, b. 
The pupa, illustrated at d, is nearly as long as the adult insect, 
which it resembles in a superficial manner, the head being bent down 
toward the breast, and the legs and long antennz folded upon the 
ventral surface. Its color is similar to that of the larva. 
Saperda candida was given its specific name by Fabricius in the year 
1787, and was again described as new by Thomas Say, in 1824, under 
the name of S. biwittata, the latter remarking at the time that it 
injured apple trees by boring into the wood. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
This species is native to this country and is present in injurious 
numbers in practically every State of the apple-growing region east of 
the Rocky Mountains. It inhabits, like so many other injurious in- 
sects, the upper austral and transition life zones, comprising the better 
agricultural portion of all except the extreme southern States. It has 
been reported to occur in one locality, Agricultural College, Miss., 
which lies in what is considered the lower austral zone. As with 
many other noxious species, too, it is in the older States, particularly 
of New England and New York, where orchards have been long estab- 
lished, that injuries are most pronounced. Until recently this species 
[Cir. 32] 
