iil 
months are passed as larvee, but farther south, in the District of 
Columbia, according to recent observation, pupation may take place 
as early as November of the first year.? 
NATURAL ENEMIES. 
Among natural enemies, woodpeckers and ants are effective destroy- 
ers of this species, since they devour larve and pupex under the bark. 
A number of parasitic insects, also, prey upon it and: assist greatly in 
restricting its abundance.? 
REMEDIES. 
The remedies advised for the round-headed borer are also of value 
and are generally employed against the present species. It is neces- 
sary, however, that deterrent coverings and washes should be applied 
farther up the trunk and to as many branches as can be conveniently 
reached. As this, however, necessitates additional labor and extra 
expense, other preventive measures are also recommended. 
Trap wood for the beetles.—For this purpose any sort of tree known 
to be freely attacked by this borer, e. g., oak, maple, or any fruit 
tree, may be used. If a few limbs or trunks of newly felled trees be 
placed at intervals of, say, 30 or 40 feet, on the outskirts of orchards, 
where they are freely exposed to the sun, the beetles will be attracted 
for the deposition of their eggs, and all that will then be necessary 
will be to destroy the trap wood by burning before April or May of 
the following year. This plan has not been practically tested, but 
the writer has no doubt that it would prove useful in securing im- 
munity from this pest in the orchard, provided that no diseased fruit 
trees be left for food. 
Careful cultural methods.—Careful, clean methods of orchard man- 
agement are essential as a measure of protection, and involve the 
cutting out of dead, dying, and injured deciduous forest and shade 
as well as orchara trees known to be chosen as food by this species, 
Care should be exercised in transplanting, and especially in pruning; 
and fertilizers should be used in order that the trees may be thrifty 
and better able to withstand attack. Proper regard for these meas- 
ures should give practical exemption from injury. 
Approved: 
JAMES WILSON, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 
Wasuineton, D. C., April 8, 1905. 
aC. V. Riley, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. III, p. 92. 
© The list includes the Braconids, Bracon charus Riley and B. pectinator Say, Spathius 
pallidus Ashm., and the Ichneumonids, Labena apicalis Cr., and L. grallator Say, and 
one or more species of Chalcididz, noticed by Fitch as occurring in New York and by 
Riley in Missouri. 
Norre.—First issue, July 1, 1898; revise, August 30, 1902. 
[Cir. 32] 0 
