CHAPTER IX. 
ABOUT MOSSES AND LICHENS. 
UNDER the general term Mosses are included a great — 
number of plants belonging to three separate orders. 
These are the Club-mosses (Lycopodiacee), the true 
Mosses (Muscz), and the Scale-mosses (Hepatice), 
with which are associated the Crystalworts and Liver- 
worts. 
Like ferns, all these plants are flowerless, and mul- 
tiply by producing spores. The Club-mosses (Lycofo- 
dium) are clothed with leaves throughout their entire 
length, such leaves being arranged in what is known 
as an zmbricate manner, that is, like the tiling on a 
roof. The spores are produced in the axils of the 
leaves, and are contained in kidney-shaped capsules 
or spore-cases. These spores are many-sided granu- 
lar bodies, and are called Antheridia. The genus 
Selaginella produces in addition another kind of 
spore-case, which contains, instead of the many pow- 
dery spores, three or four large round spores known 
as oophoridia. The details of germination in the 
species producing aztheridia only have not been 
observed ; and it is at present a matter of conjecture 
whether the prothallus resulting from the germination 
of an antheridium gives rise to distinct organs as in 
