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the middle of the leg; horns in both seges elongate, subcylindric, 
with the basal branches and tip dilated and“palmated ; of the females 
smaller ; skull with rather large nose-cavity, about half as long as the 
distance to the first grinder; the intermaxillary moderate, nearly 
reaching to the nasal; a small, very shallow, suborbital pit. 
They live in the Arctic Regions in both hemispheres, migrating in 
flocks, and eating lichens. 
1. TARANDUS RANGIFER. The Carisovu or Rein Derr. 
Dark brown in summer, grey in winter. Young: brown, yellow 
varied. 
Tarandus, Plini.—Rangifer, Gesner.—Cervus Tarandus, Linn.; 
Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106; Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; Bennett, 
Gardens Z. 8. 241. fig.; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 238.—C. 
Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor. 
Amer. 250.—C. rangifer, Raii Syn. 88.—C. platyrhynchos, Vrolich, 
Rendier, t. 2 (1828).—C. palmatus and C. mirabilis, Jonston, Quad. 
t.36, 37.—Tarandus rangifer, Gray, Knows. Menag.57.—Rein Deer, 
Pennant.—Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751.—Renne, Buffon, 
H. N. xii. 79. t. 10-12. Supp. iii. t. 18*.—Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A.— 
Caribou or Carrebeuf, French Canadians.— Oleen, Russians in Siberia. 
Var. Smaller; horns more slender, less palmated ; hair short, 
smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white in summer ; hair 
very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect and white in winter. 
Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 773.—C. Ta- 
randus v. Arctica (Barren-ground Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor. 
Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns.—Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 200. 
Inhabits Arctic parts of Europe and America. 
Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are spe- 
cimens varying from 20 to 28 inches high at the withers, and pro- 
portionally as large in the horns and all the other parts. The variety 
is confined to the barren grounds. 
Dr. Richardson observes, ‘‘ There are two well-marked and perma- 
nent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries; one of them 
(Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and more southern di- 
stricts, and the other (Barren-ground Caribou) retiring to the woods 
only in the winter, but passing the summer on the coasts of the Arctic 
seas, or on the barren grounds so often mentioned in this work.” — 
Fauna Bor. Amer. 299. 
The large Siberian variety are ridden on by the Tungusians. They 
also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller variety. 
They have a large variety in Newfoundland, nearly as large as a 
heifer, having very large and heavy horns. There are some horns of 
this variety in the British Museum. M. Middendorf informed me that 
the horns of the large Siberian variety were as large as, and greatly re- 
sembled, the horns from Newfoundland (Nova Scotia) in the British 
Museum Collection. 
Pallas observes, “ Americze forte continua gregatim verno tempore 
per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberize inquilinis et verosimil- 
lime Americani.’’—Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208. 
No. CCXV.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society. 
