134 



view of the cranium, in conseąuence of the additional width of the 

 malar bone. 



" The general shape of the basis cranii presents nothingvery stri- 

 king, -vvith the exception of the zygomatic arches. The foramen 

 magnum is of a more oval form than usual, and there appears to be 

 scarcely as great a development of the occipital bone. This agrees 

 ■with what we observed when considering the lateral aspect of these 

 škulis, and ■with what has previously been noticed by Dr. Hueck re- 

 specting the space for the cerebellum, which, upon an examination 

 of the interior of the cranium, is said to be small, in conseąuence of 

 the sUght concavity of the inferior occipital fossa. The condyles of 

 the occipital bone are remarkably large, being, in three out of four 

 of these škulis, an inch in the long axis, and in one of them (the Finn) 

 longer. They are not unusually broad. This is not the case in any 

 other European cranium which I have examined, but is seen in the 

 Hindu, Chitamache Indian, and to a certain extent in the Esquimaux. 

 There mušt doubtless have been a much greater freedom of motion 

 backwards and forwards in these joints than is usually the case. 



" The zygomatic arches, which are best seen at the base, are much 

 more curved than in the other Europeans, slightly less so than in 

 the Esquimaux ; and the anterior projection of the alveolar processes 

 beyond the anterior termination of the zygoma is also intermediate 

 between the European and the Esquimaux. 



" The glenoid cavities are flatter, more -vvidely separated, and not 

 so well-defined as in the European generally, and a difference corre- 

 sponding to this is seen in the lower jaw, -n'here the condyles, besides 

 being more widely separated from one another, are also more rounded 

 in form, allowing of a greater degree of lateral motion. In corre- 

 spondence \vith this fact we also find that the pterygoid processes of 

 the sphenoid bone, especially the external platės, are \videned and 

 enlarged, extending farther outwards, afFording a greater space for 

 the attachment of the pterygoid museles, ■vv'hose duty it is to perform 

 the lateral or grinding motion in mastication. I mentioned above 

 the corresponding fact of the teeth being much wom down. 



'• The ridges for the attachment of the museles on the palate bone 

 are well-marked, and viewed from below it is seen that the alveolar 

 processes do not project so much from the horizontai part of the 

 palate ; that is, that the entire hard palate presents a general curve 

 throughout, instead of being at first plane ■vvith a sudden bend, or 

 almost an angle, which is seen at the point where the alveolar pro- 

 cesses are given ofF in the generality of European skuUs. 



" These skuUs of the Finns and Lappes are very solid and heavy. 



" Although this description of the Finnish skuUs corresponds in 

 very many respects vvith that given by Dr. Hueck, yet the examination 

 leads us to an exactly opposite conclusion, viz. that there are very 

 many points in common betvveen the Finn and the races characterized 

 by the pyramidal-shaped skull, and the conclusion vvith regard to the 

 Lappe corresponds to that which was published by Professor Blu- 

 menbach. We are hence able to lay down, that there is no important 

 difference between the skuUs of the Finns and Lappes, but that, on 



