66 MR. OGILBY'S MONOGRAPH 



2nd. The form of the upper lip, as attenuated and prehensile, or provided with a 

 heavy callous muzzle. 



3rd. The presence or absence of crumens ; though this character is neither so abso- 

 lute nor so influential as the others, and even occasionally varies in the same natural 

 genus ; and 



4th. The existence or non-existence of interdigital glands or pores. 



I exclude altogether from among natural generic characters all consideration of the 

 flexures of the horns, inguinal pores, number of teats, length of tail, elevation of croup 

 and withers, comparative size, beard, dewlap, scopae, &c., as being entirely void of any 

 assignable influence on the habits and oecouomy of the animals ; though even these 

 are, generally speaking, constant in the same natural groups, and, as secondary charac- 

 ters, aftbrd satisfactory proofs of the correctness of the principles on which their for- 

 mation depends. The following are a few general laws relating to the most prominent 

 of these characters, which I have deduced from my examination of the species of 

 hollow-horned Ruminants, and which in doubtful cases may serve as a guide to pro- 

 bable conjecture ; but they are only general, and I beg expressly to warn observers 

 against mistaking them for absolute facts. 



1 . All hollow-horned Ruminants with scopts have two teats, except the Orabie and 

 Prongbuck. 



2. All with scopee have hairy attenuated lips, except the Orabie. 



3. All with scopte have crumens, except the Prongbuck and Aoudad {Ovis tragelaphus). 



4. All with four teats have naked muzzles, except a few Goats and Antelopes proper. 



5. All with naked muzzles have four teats, except the species of the genus Bubalus. 

 G. All with two teats have hairy attenuated lips, except the Bubals. 



7. All with hairy attenuated lips have two teats, except the species mentioned in Rule 4. 



8. All with superficial crumens have naked muzzles. 



9. All with superficial crumens are without scopce. 



10. All without crumens are equally without scopes, except the Prongbuck and Aoudad. 



11. All with scopas have the horns confined to the male sex, except the Gazelles and 

 Aoudad. 



12. All wath horns in both sexes, muzzles, and no crumens, have four teats. 



13. All witheut crumens have four teats, except the typical species of Caprce. 



14. All with muzzles and horns in the male sex only have four teats. 



15. All with hairy attenuated lips have digital pores, except the Goats. 



16. All with hairy attenuated lips have horns in both sexes, except the Antelopes 

 proper. 



To exemplify the utility of these rules in certain cases of doubt, let us take the follow- 

 ing examples. Colonel Hamilton Smith describes two species of Antelopes under the 

 names of A.forfex and A. adenota, to which he attributes the following characters: 

 horns confined to the male sex, naked muzzles, crumens, scops, and two teats. Now 



