368 MR. R. OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 
bone, while in the Chimpanzee it extends to the second phalanz of the second toe: in this 
species, also, it has always two phalanges in addition to the metatarsal bone, is set more 
forwards on the internal cuneiform bone, and has its concavity looking more towards 
the sole of the foot: consequently the resemblance of the hinder hand to a true foot is 
greater in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang. 
§ 4. Summary Comparison of the Chimpanzee and Orang Utan with each other and 
with Man. 
The Chimpanzee differs osteologically from the Orang 
1. In having the cranium flatter and broader in proportion to the face. 
2. In having the supraciliary ridges more developed, and in the absence of the inter- 
parietal and sagittal crests. 
3. In the junction of the temporal with the frontal bones. 
4. In the greater proportional breadth of the interorbital space. 
5. In the more central position and less oblique plane of the occipital foramen. 
6. In having but one anterior condyloid foramen on each side, while the Orang has 
two. 
7. In having generally but one suborbital foramen on each side, while the Orang has 
three or more. 
8. In the persistence of the cranial sutures. 
9. In the earlier obliteration of the maxillo-intermaxillary sutures. 
10. In the smaller proportional size of the incisive and canine teeth, and consequent 
smaller development of the jaws, especially of the intermaxillary bones. 
11. In the smaller proportional size of the cervical, and larger proportionaf‘size of 
the lumbar, vertebre. 
12. In the additional dorsal vertebra corresponding to the additional pair of ribs. 
13. In the more simple composition of the sternum, which consists of a single and 
not double series of bones, as in the Orang. 
14. In the greater sigmoid curve of the clavicle, which in the Orang is nearly straight. 
15. In the less proportional breadth of the scapula, and the more lateral aspect of the 
glenoid cavity. 
16. In the less proportional breadth and greater length of the sacrum. 
17. In the less proportional breadth of the ilivm, and greater expansion of the ischium. 
18. In the comparative shortness of the upper extremities, more especially of the 
fore arm and hand. 
19. In the non-division of the pisiform bone of the wrist. 
20. In the greater proportional length of the femur and tibia, and the less propor- 
tional length of the foot. 
21. In the presence of a ligamentum teres, and consequent depression in the head of 
the femur. 
