226 MR. R. OWEN ON THE ANATOMY 
In the male Giraffe, dissected at the Zoological Gardens, the abdominal viscera pre- 
sented nearly the same appearances: the paunch here also, as in other Ruminants, was 
so placed that no viscus was interposed between its weighty and indigested contents 
and the inferior abdominal parietes. 
On raising the paunch, the spiral coils of the colon, characteristic of the Ruminants, 
came into view, together with the rest of the jejunum and ileum. When these were re- 
moved, the third and fourth stomachs were exposed, together with the small liver which 
was wholly confined to the right of the mesial plane. 
The spleen, as usual in Ruminants, had its concave surface applied to the left side of 
the first stomach or rumen. 
The pancreas extends transversely behind the stomach within the posterior duplica- 
ture of the omentum, from the spleen to the duodenum. 
The kidneys occupy the usual position in the loins; the right one a little more ad- 
vanced than the left : their figure is rounded and compact, as in the Deer and Antelopes ; 
they are not externally lobulated, as in the Oz. 
The stomach presents in every respect the structure which characterizes the horned 
Ruminants. The paunch or rumen has the usual enormous proportions, and is bifid at 
the lower extremity; the papille (Pl. XLI. fig. 4) with which its inner surface is every 
where beset, are more regular and uniform in their size and shape than in the Oz, they 
are relatively thicker, narrower and longer; their margins are thickened but entire, in- 
stead of being irregularly notched ; and they become expanded and rounded at their free 
extremity, instead of tapering to a point, as in many parts of the paunch of the Ov: they 
resemble more those of the Reindeer. There is more variety among the horned Ru- 
minants in the form and depth of the cells of the reticulum ; and these modifications have 
been supposed to relate to differences in the power of retaining fluids. The structure 
of the Reindeer’s stomach appears to be confirmatory of this view: the snow which must 
be swallowed with the lichen through a great part of the year would render any reservoir 
for water unnecessary, and the cells in the reticulum are, in fact, in this Ruminant re- 
markably shallow. The same structure also obtains in the Giraffe. The cells are not, 
however, as has been stated, entirely wanting ; but their hexagonal boundaries appear 
as mere raised lines supporting a row of pyramidal papille larger than those in the in- 
terspaces (Pl. XLI. fig. 5); for any imaginable use, they might have been arranged in 
any other even the most irregular forms ; but that pattern is closely adhered to which 
grouping together a number of cells in the least possible space renders necessary in 
other Ruminants, and almost universal in nature. In the psalterium, between each two 
narrow folds, there is alternately one of great and one of moderate breadth, as in the 
Ox, &c.: these lamelle are beset with short pyriform papille. In the fourth stomach, 
the ruge of the digestive membrane are slightly developed, and chiefly longitudinal ; 
the pylorus is protected by a valvular protuberance, placed above it, just within the 
stomach ; this protuberance is relatively smaller than in the Llama. 
