254 MR. C. L. MARTIN ON ECHINOPS, 
globular ; but the cardiac portion being full of holes, its inflation was impossible. The 
duodenum began dilated, and almost like a sacculus, and continued dilated for three 
quarters of an inch, when it gradually narrowed, merging into a simple intestinal tube, 
destitute of a cecum, and measuring from the pylorus to the anus nine inches, being in 
fact not even twice the length of the animal. The bladder was small and contracted, 
the ureters entering as usual; and both these and the ovarian tubes were imbedded in 
a large fatty mass, occupying the lumbar region, and covering the kidneys, which latter 
were small, but so soft and disorganized that I could not examine them. 
The skull of Echinops Telfairi, compared with that of the European Hedgehog, though 
resembling it in general form, differs from it in many important details. Among these 
the most remarkable is the total absence of the zygomatic arch. In the Hedgehog the 
zygomatic arch is bold, and of considerable strength ; it consists of a process of the su- 
perior maxillary, and temporal bones, with an intermediate narrow malar, forming the 
centre of the arch. The distance from one zygoma to the opposite is 12ths inch. 
In the Mole the zygomatic arch is reduced to an almost rectilinear bony thread, and 
the skull being peculiarly voluminous posterior to its temporal origin, it appears as if 
brought forwards, as well as sunk and compressed ; hence the measurement from one 
temporal bone to the other far exceeds that from one sygoma to its fellow. In Centetes 
(the skull from which I describe being that of Centetes setosus, Desm.) the zygomatic 
arch is incomplete ; a process, however, of the superior maxillary forms the lower boun- 
dary of the orbit, and advances as far as the edge of the coronary process of the lower 
jaw, turning, with a gentle curve, outwardly. The zygomatic process of the temporal 
bone is a mere point, and the distance between it and the zygomatic process of the 
maxillary bone is 4ths of an inch and a half, the total length of the skull being 22 
inches. 
In Echinops the lower edge of the orbit (open of course behind, to the temporal fossa) 
is formed by an elevated ridge of the superior maxillary, which ridge runs out into a 
small zygomatic process, forming the outer wall of the alveolus of the two last molars. 
The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a little more distinct than in Centetes, 
and the vacant interspace between this and the process of the maxillary bone is nearly 
half an inch, the total length of the skull being an inch and a half. The long, slender, 
conical snout of Centetes (Centetes setosus), notwithstanding the absence of zygomatic 
arches, renders the aspect of its skull more remote from that of Echinops than is that 
of the skull of Erinaceus. In Echinops the muzzle is even shorter in proportion than 
in Erinaceus ; there is not, however, as in the latter, any elevation between the orbits, 
but the skull is altogether flatter, and more level above, and proportionately narrower, 
with the cranial cavity more contracted. At the same time the transverse-occipital ridge 
is more elevated. The palate is proportionately narrower than in Erinaceus, and its 
posterior foramina, which in the Hedgehog are long open fissures, are reduced to minute 
orifices, which is also the case in Centetes. If, however, the palate itself be narrow, 
a 
