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larger species of Hpomophori approximate in size to the smaller spe- 
cies of Pteropus, a comparison of these parts may be easily made. 
The fur is short and of a cottony texture, with but little difference 
in quality on the different parts of the body, that of the under parts 
being somewhat shorter and rather less soft than that of the upper. 
It is everywhere unicoloured from root to tip, and there are constantly 
two tufts of white fur at the base of the two margins of the ears, but 
not differing in quality from that of the other parts of the body. 
In some of the species the males are furnished with very remarkable 
tufts of long stiff hairs on the shoulders, usually of a yellowish or 
white colour. 
In an examination of the crania of the several species of this genus 
some great peculiarities appear. If we take the skull of one of the 
most remarkable of them, Z. macrocephalus, we shall be struck with 
the excessive length of the facial, and the extreme smallness of the 
cranial portions ; but on examining the skulls of the other species these 
proportions are seen gradually to alter, until in the smallest one, Z. 
schoensis (Pteropus schoensis, Riipp.), they are actually reversed, 
whilst some other characters, more easily overlooked, will be found 
to be constant in all the species. 
Mr. Ogilby observes that the upper jaw has but three molars (on 
each side), and the lower five, and that the first one in the upper jaw 
and the second one in the lower have so much the form of canines 
as to give the mouth the appearance of having four pairs of these 
teeth. On comparing the teeth with those of the ordinary Pteropi, 
the same prominent molars are easily recognisable in the latter, but, 
being less conical, they have not the canine-like appearance which 
Mr. Ogilby observed in Epomophorus. 
I will now proceed to notice some real differences which exist in 
the dentition of the genera Pteropus, Pachysoma, and Epomophorus. 
The skull of the common Pteropus edwardsii will supply all that is 
necessary for the first of these genera. 
Upper jaw.—On examining the upper jaw, the incisors and canines 
may be passed by as presenting nothing which is not common to the 
three genera. The next tooth following the canine is extremely 
small, and can be seen only in crania which bear evidences of imma- 
turity ; at a more advanced age it is lost. To this succeeds a large 
and prominent pre-molar, having somewhat the relative proportions, 
and holding the same position with regard to the following three 
molars, which the carnassier tooth does in the insectivorous genera. 
Then come the true molars, three in number, also as in the insecti- 
vorous species, but the hinder one so much reduced in size and ab- 
normal in shape, as to be merely rudimentary. In Pachysoma the 
dentition of the upper jaw differs from that of Pteropus in the 
absence of the hinder or rudimentary molar, and in having the first 
or small pre-molar retained to a later period, perhaps permanently. 
In Epomophorus, on the contrary, it is wanting ; but in one instance 
I can clearly trace a depression in the alveolus, which probably in- 
dicates the former presence of a tooth there, which, as in Pteropus, 
may be lost with age. Then comes the prominent tooth or carnassier, 
