178 
mining the brain, as the specimens were many of them used for 
stuffing or for skeletons. I believe, however, that diseases both of 
the brain and heart are comparatively rare in the lower animals, 
although their occurrence is far from unfrequent ,—the absence of 
mental exertion will toa great extent serve to explain this. Sudden 
and immediate death sometimes occurs, but it is very unfrequent. 
Quadrumana.—Of these J have inspected the bodies of sixty-seven, 
and I may remark here that I speak in this communication only of 
the animals dying at the Society’s Gardens. Among them were two 
Ourangs(Simia satyrus) and four Chimpanzees (S. troglodytes) ; three 
of these apes died of diarrhea, two of pneumonia, and one of diseased 
kidneys. They were between two and four years of age, and all were 
teething. There is, I think, but little chance of the young anthropoid 
apes living long in this country; if they could be obtained when 
nearer the adult period, there would be a much greater probability of 
keeping them for several years. I have neither time nor space to 
notice separately the diseases of the different animals; I shall there- 
fore endeavour to classify the diseases as well as I am able, and com- 
ment briefly on the rarer forms of abnormal structure, especially 
when they occur in animals that have seldom or never before been 
dissected in this country. The supposed cause of death in the Qua- 
drumana may be thus classified (I use the term supposed, because 
in this order, as in most of the others, I may often have been in 
error respecting the immediate cause of death) : pneumonia 13, pleu- 
ritis and pericarditis 11, tubercles of the lungs 17, tubercles of the 
liver, spleen, and other parts 5, diarrhoea 4, atrophy 5; one of each 
of the following: tetanus (from diseased tail), epilepsy, fungus hee- 
matodes of the lungs, fatty liver, diseased kidneys, ruptured stomach, 
and aneurism of the aorta. In thirteen I could not discover any 
sufficient cause of death; but in these, as in most of the other 
specimens, from circumstances before alluded to, the brain was not 
examined. 
The above deductions serve to correct a prevailing error, viz. that 
nearly all the Quadrumana in this country die from tubercles in the 
lungs. In five monkeys that I have recently examined no tubercles 
were present in any instance. It is true that disease of the lungs is 
the most frequent morbid change, and that consolidation of the pul- 
monary tissue from inflammation is generally the forerunner of tuber- 
cular deposit ; but a great number, as the list shows, die from 
other causes. As might be expected, the diseases of this order re- 
semble more those of man than any of the succeeding. In one in- 
stance the transmission of the tubercular diathesis was very marked. 
A female Rhesus monkey that I examined died of extensive tuber- 
cular deposit in the lungs and in other organs; she had borne five 
young ones: two of these which I inspected also died of tubercles 
in the lungs, and probably the others shared the same fate. 
As I shall have occasion to speak often of tubercle, I may as well 
at once point out the peculiarities of this deposit in the lower animals. 
Thus, large cavities, so common in the lungs of man, are but rarely 
met with in the brute, the extraneous matter having a more solid 
