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and cheese-like appearance. In birds the deposit is mostly hard and 
formed in concentric layers, differing materially from that which 
occurs in the human subject ; it is often met with, too, on the surface 
of organs, in the shape of small nodules. This form of tubercle, 
I believe, is often of rapid formation, its structure being more albu- 
minous than that of the other varieties. In reptiles it is generally 
softer and less circumscribed than in birds. Of all the chronic 
lesions to which foreign animals in confinement are exposed, this is 
by far the most frequent, although probably in their wild state it 
seldom occurs. I have examined the bodies of all the British qua- 
drupeds and reptiles, and the greater number of the British birds, 
but, with two or three exceptions, they have been free from this dis- 
ease. One of these exceptions was in a large number of Common 
Sparrows (F'ringilla passer) that were found dead some years since 
in the Society’s Gardens; in nearly all of these I found tubercles of 
the liver, spleen, or other organs,—a fact that does not speak much 
in favour of the locality of the Gardens. 
The length of time that some animals will live with extensive 
tuberculous disease of the lungs and other parts is remarkable. In 
1853 I had an opportunity of watching a Patas Monkey (Cerco- 
pithecus ruber); for some time the symptoms were a short, dry 
cough, loss of appetite, dull eye, great emaciation, and a pulse of 140 
per minute. There was scarcely a sound portion of lung in this 
animal, the whole being studded with tubercles in various stages of 
development. The wonder is that life could have been prolonged 
under such a vast accumulation of disease. 
The presence of aneurism in a monkey has not, as far as I know, 
been before observed, and, although I have been especially careful to 
examine the larger arteries in most of the animals I have dissected, I 
have only in one instance—an old Capybara (Hydrocherus)—met 
with ossified deposit,—an alteration so common in the human subject. 
Chiroptera.—Three Pteropi (Fruit-eating Bats) are the only 
members of this order that I have inspected, and, with the exception 
of evidence of want of nutrition, no sufficient cause of death could 
be discovered. 
Carnivora.—The animals of this order examined amount to more 
than one hundred, and their diseases differ in many respects from the 
preceding. Tubercles of the lungs are much less frequent, but their 
occurrence in the liver and spleen is not uncommon. Although it is 
said that “a cat has nine lives,” many of the Felide are readily killed 
by a slight amount of inflammation of the lungs. In several deaths I 
have found the first stage of pneumonia sufficient to produce the fatal 
result. Among the Carnivora, I have examined six lions (including 
two cubs), four tigers, two jaguars, and four leopards. One lion had 
a false aneurism of the lung; a lioness died in convulsive fits; I 
found a large quantity of hay in the stomach, but could discover no 
lesion of the brain or other organ to account for death. I may 
here mention that I have met with several cases of fatal obstruction 
of the bowels in carnivorous animals from this cause: large accumu- 
ati ons of hay and straw are matted together in the intestines, ren- 
