118 



COMPENDIUM OF GENERAL BOTANY. 



ually the four apical cells arranged in a quadrant) forms cells 

 ("segments") toward the side of the root; occasionally also cells 

 ("root-cap segments") which form the root-cap: ferns and 



Fig. 63 represents type 1 a, Fig. 64 type 2 a, Fig. 65 type 

 2 ft. The fern type is represented in Fig. 29, p. 47. 



ft. The Protection of the Stem-apex. 



1. ]S"ormally the apical area of the stem has no specific organ 

 which serves as a protective covering for its vegetative area, 



although it is evidently in need 

 of one; such protection is sup- 

 plied by the young leaf-bud, 

 which forms a coveriny of 

 onany layers. Fig. 66 a illus- 

 trates this condition. Numer- 

 ous examples of this kind 

 may be observed in longitu- 

 dinal sections of leaf-buds, 

 bulbs, etc. Fig. ^^h is in- 

 tended to represent in general 

 a longitudinal section of a 

 stem with hlunt apical area. 

 Besides these most common, 

 forms of protection, there are 

 a few others, namely : 



2. The depression of the 

 apical area; example, algae, 

 in which the apical cell lie& 

 at the bottom of a hollow 

 or depression {Fucaceo^\ we 

 may also mention inferior 

 Fig. 66 a.—Equisetum arvense. ovaries (cup-shaped receptacle 



Longitudinal section of a subterranean bud with _^„ +r>viic\ Tr..r»m q i-ilnrcinln.r- 

 apical cell (ss). young leaves (6), and two lateral O^ LOIUSj. riOIU d piiybiUlOg 



buds(^i^'). (After Sachs.) .^^^ Standpoint WO must also 



include the morphological rule that normal lateral buds appear 

 axillary, that is, in the axis of a leaf. 



3. Protection by means of rolling in is shown in FloridecB. 

 (red marine algae). 



