332 COMPENDIUM OF GENERAL BOTANY. 



(a) The legume or true pod is a single-chambered fruit formed 

 from one carpel ; seeds are placed along the ventral suture ; dehis- 

 cence along the dorsal and ventral suture from above downward 

 {LegurainoscB). 



(J)) T\\ef(jllicle opens along the ventral suture only {Pmonid). 



(c) The silique, two-chambered ; dehisces along both sutures 

 from below upward ; the placentae, as the partition, remain 

 behind while the valves fall away {Cruciferce). 



{d) True capsules., usually dehisce from the apex downward, 

 or they may discharge the ovules through chinks or pores, as in 

 Papaver ', they may open at the teeth-like projections near the 

 apex, as in Primula ; by valves opening lengthwise, as in Iris and 

 Syringa\ or transversely, as in ColchicuTn autuTnnale; or by the 

 dissolving of the partition, as in Datura. We may therefore 

 recognize loculicidal, septicidal, and septifragal dehiscence. 



2. Carpels (splitting fruits) are again divided into : 



(rt) Cremocarp., consisting of a pair of akene-like ovaries com- 

 pletely united in the blossom, but splitting apart when mature 

 ( UmhdlifenB). 



{h) Loinent resembles a legume, but splits up crosswise at dis- 

 tinct joints or transverse septa {Desiiiodium). 



The achenium., drape (stone-fruit), and herry do not open 

 according to such systematic methods. 



3. The arheniirm is usually small with a dry woody coat. 

 This fruit may again be divided into : {a) achenium proper, (h) 

 caryopsis. In both the seed is closely united with the seed-cover- 

 ing or pericarp. The achenium arises from inferior ovaries {Com- 

 positos)., the caryopsis from superior ovaries, (c) Samara or hey- 

 fruit., wliicli is an akene furnished with wing-like appendages 



(elm, ash, maple). (<^7) Nut; this as well as the key-fruit \\?^free 

 seeds lying within the seed-covering. The covering of the nut 

 consists of typical sclerenchyma cells (hazelnut, chestnut, acorn, 

 etc.). 



4. Prupe (stone -berry). The inner layer of the fruit-cover- 

 ing {endocarp) is very hard ; the outer layer (including mesocarp 

 and epicarp) is succulent and much enlarged, as in our stone-fruits, 

 the cherry, plum, etc. ; or it may be dry and fibrous, as in the 

 cocoanut ; or almost leathery, as in the walnut and almond. (The 

 entire fruit-covering is usually known as the pericarp.) The 



