CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. TAXONOMY. 287 



III. Class Gramineae. 



V. " 1. Order , Primulacese. 



V. " " Boragiuacese. 



V. " " Solanaceae. 



y. " 1. and 2. Order Geutianaceae. 



V. " 2. Order Umbelliferae. 



V. " " ChenopodiacesB. 



VI. " , Liliiflorfe (in part). 



XII. " Rosacese. 



XIII. " 1. Order Papaveracese. 



XIII. " 2. and 3. Order Ranunculacese. 



XIV. " 1. Order Labiate. 



XV. " Cruciferte. 



XVI. and XVII. Class Papilionacese. 



XIX. Class Compositse. 



XX. " Orcliidaceae. 



XXI. " Cupuliferse. 



XXI. " Conifers. 



That Linne's system of phanerogams is artificial is evident 

 from the fact that it includes the Coniferce and Cii,puliferce in one 

 and the same class. He has also combined the Umbelliferce, 

 Boraginacece, Solanacece, etc. 



Nevertheless the system of Linne is in part natural and in 

 part artificial. This is true of all phanerogamic systems, hence 

 also of every system which is said to be natural as opposed to 

 the sj'stem of Linne. The impartial scientist ' may well ques- 

 tion the value of the much-praised naturalness of the natural 

 systems. I say natural systems, because there are a large num- 

 ber of them. It is wholly out of the question at tlie present 

 time to consider all of the characteristics in the arrangement of 

 plants. The essentials of these natural systems are based upon 

 the characters of the flower and the fruit. 



The value of anatomical characters has long been proven. 

 These characters have, however, only been applied within 

 narrow limits. It has even been supposed that comparative 

 anatomy would sooner or later come in serious conflict with the 

 present natural systems. I do not believe, that comparative 



Compare Schwendener's Rectoratsrede, Berlin, 1887. 



