PICID^ — THE WOODPECKERS. 503 



probably the case in the black and white species, and renders the final set- 

 tlement of the questions involved very difficult. 



After a careful consideration of the subject, we are not inclined to admit 

 any species or permanent varieties of the group of four-toed small white 

 and black Woodpeckers as North or Middle American, other than those men- 

 tioned in the preceding synopsis. 



PiCUS VillOSUS, LiNNyEUS. 



HAIEY WOODPECKER; LARGER SAPSUCKER, 



Var. canadensis. — Northern and Western regions. 



?Picus Icucomelas, Bodd^ut, Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783 (No. 345, f. 1, Gray). —Cass. P. A. N. S. 

 1863, 199. Bnjobaies Icucomelas, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Heiii. iv, 67. ? Picus canaden- 

 sis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 437. — ? Lath.\m, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 231. —AuD. 

 Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 188, pi. ccccxvii. — Ib. Syii. 1839, 177. — Ib. Birds America, IV, 

 1842, 235, pi. cclviii. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 137. — Ib. Aten. Ital. 1854, 8. Ficus 

 villosus, FORSTER, PMlos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383. — Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 84. 



— Cassin, p. a. N. S. 1863, 199. — Gray, Catal. 1868, 45. — Dall & Banxister, 

 Tr. Chicago Ac. Sc. I, 1869, 274 (Alaska). — Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ill, 1872, 60 (Alaska). 



— Samuels, 87. Picus {Dendrocopus) villosus, Sw. F.-Bor. Am. II, 1831, 305. Picus 

 pUllipsi, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 186, pi. ccccxvii. — Ib. Syn. 1839, 177. —Ib. 

 Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 238, pi. cclix (immature, with yellow crown). — Nuttall, Man. 

 I, (2d ed.,) 1840, 686. — Cass. P. A. N. S. 1863, 199. Picus martina', AuD. Orn. 

 Biog. V, 1839, 181, pi. ccccxvii. — Ib. Syn. 1839, 178. — Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 

 240, pi. cclx (young male, with red feathers on crown). — Cass. P. A. N. S. 1863, 199. 

 Picus rubricapillus, Nuttall, Man. I, (2d ed.,) 1840, 685 (same as preceding). Picus 

 scptcntrionalis, Nuttall, Man. I, (2d ed.,) 1840, 684. 



Var. villosus. — Middle States. 



Picus villosus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 175. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 

 64, pi. cxx. —Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 150, pi. ix. — Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, 

 No. 22. — AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 164, pi. ccccxvi. — Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 

 244, pi. cclxii. — Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 137. — Sundevall, Mon. Pic. 17.—^ 

 Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 84. Picus Icucomelanus, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, 

 No. 18 (young male in summer). Hairy Woodpecker, Pennant, Latham. Dryohatcs 

 villosus, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. iv, 2, 66. 



Var. ailduboni. — Southern States. 



Picus auduhoni, Swainson, F. B. A. 1831, 306. — Trudeau, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 

 404 (very young male, with crown spotted with yellow). — AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 

 194, pi. ccccxvii. — Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 259, pi. cclx v. — Nutt. Man. I, (2d 

 ed.,) 1840, 684. — Cass. P. A. N. S. 1863, 199. Picus villosus, Bryant, Pr. Bost. 

 Soc. 1859 (Bahamas, winter). —Allen, B. E. Fla. 302. 



Sp. Char. Above black, with a white band down the middle of the back. All the 

 middle and larger wing-coverts and all the quills with conspicuous spots of white. Two 

 white stripes on each side of the head ; the upper scarcely confluent behind, the lower 

 not at all so ; two black stripes confluent with the black of the nape. Beneath white. 

 Three outer tail-feathers with the exposed portions white. Length, 8.00 to 11.00 ; wing, 

 4.00 to 5.00; bill, 1.00 to 1.25. Alale, with a nuchal scarlet crescent (wanting in the 

 female) covering tlie white, generally continuous, but often interrupted in the middle. 



