MOLLCrsCA. OF INDIA. 17 



PULMONATA OPERCULATA. 



(^Phaneropneumona of Gray.) 



Mantle free from the nape, leaving the pulmonary cavity open. 

 Animal unisexual. Operculum distinct, spiral, or annulated. (Grcn/.) 



Family CYCLOPHOKID.E. 



Genus Cyclophorus, Montfort*, Con. Syst. ii. p. 290 (1810).— Type 

 C. lituus, Martyn, Siam=C'. volvuh/s, Miiller : Pulo Condor, 

 Reeve gives as habitat Pulo Condor, India, Hongkong, and China. 

 Ammlaria, Schumacher, Essai, p. 196 (1817). 



a. " Margine annnlari la^vi, simplici." — Type A. aurantiacus, Schum. : 

 Burmah. (Conch. Ind. pi. xxxiii. fig. 4: Moulmain.) 



/3. "Margine lamelloso." — Type A. fimbriata, Pfr. : West Indies = 

 Choanopoma, t3'pe C. ])ulchnun. Wood : Jamaica. 



Cyclophora, Swainson, Malac. pp. 185, 336 (part.) (1840). 



Annularia, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1840-42). 



Aperostoma, Troschel in Z. f. M. p. 44 (part.) (1847). — Type volva- 

 liis. Lam., and mexicanum^ Mke. 



It has been further divided into many subgenera f : — 



Cyclohelix, Morch (no description) (1871). — Type 0. crocatus, Born : 

 Nicobars. 



Theobaldius, G. Nevill (no description), Hand-list, p. 275 (1878). — - 

 Type C. annulatus, Troschel : Ceylon. (Conch. Ind. pi. cxliii. 

 figs. 1-4.) 



= Group III. Discoidal species with thin opercula. W. T. 

 Blanford, A. M. N. H. vol. xiii. p. 453 (1864).— Type plumo- 

 topicus, Bs. : Darjiling. (Conch. Ind. pi. iv. fig. 3.) 



Scabrina, W. T. Blf. Contrib. Indian Malacol., J. A. S. B. p. 322 



(1863). 

 Original description : — " Testa late umbiJicata, depressa, sabdis- 

 coidea, epidennide fusca hispidala indata ; aufractibus rotnndatis. 

 Apertura circidarie, peristomate incrassato. Operculum crassum, cor- 

 neum, anfractU/Um marqinibus lamellathn elevatis." (W. T. B.) 



= Group II. W. T. Blanford, A. M. N. H. xiii. p'. 452 

 (1864). — Type C. pinmdifer, Benson : Assam. (Conch. Ind. 

 pi. iv, fig. 2.) 



* Eeferred to in Part V. p. IHo, aad Plate LI. figs. 1, 2-2 d. 



t So long ago as 1864 Mr. W. T. Blanford published, in the Ann. & Mag. 

 Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 441, a valuable paper " On the Classification of the Cyclo- 

 stomacea of Eastern Asia," which was a great advance towards the systematic 

 grouping of the Order, on other characters than the shell and opercuhuu ; and 

 he writes, under CV/cZo/j/iorMs : "Within the area to whicli these observations 

 especially apply there exist several distinct series of forms of this well-known 

 and important genus, some of them differing from the type at least as widely 

 as Leptopoma does. These should be separated as subgenera." 



PART VII. C 



