:jo 



LAND AND FRKSHWATEE 



with a glossy callous coat : F. forbesi, New Guinea (East), 

 typical species. B. Shell shining, covered with a smooth callous 

 coat : as typical species F. biUngais, Pfr., from X.E. Australia. 



Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1844). 



Gray, Cat. Cycl. p. 33. 



Pfr.* Consp. p. 22. 



Fischer, Mao. Conchyl. p. 740 (1887). 



Many subgenera have been constituted for species outside the 

 Indian area. The single character of polished or unpolished surface 

 had soon to be extended. G. Sowerby's divisions, based upon the 

 angle of axis of spire, was the first advance ; he made another in 

 taking into consideration the notches on the peristome, a character of 

 more value than he was at the time inclined to give it. This character 

 is really of the first importance, and goes back to its initial origin 

 in the ancestral stock. Blanford, writing in the A. M. N. Hist. 

 July 1863, " On the Animals of liaphaulus^ Spiraculum, and other 

 Tube-bearing- Cyclostomacea," indicates its probable rise to such a 

 siphon-tube as exists in Ampullaria. The discovery by Mr. W. 

 Doherty, in the island of Sangir, of a Pupina presenting well- 

 defined elongate tubes at the right base and at the upper angle of 

 the peristome, confirms this to a great extent. It is to be seen 

 whether the basal tube in this species, when the animal comes to 

 be examined, occupies the precise position and performs somewhat 

 similar or modified functions as in Ampullaria. Whatever purpose 

 it serves it tells us very plainly the origin of the peristomatal notches 

 in this genus Pupina, and by analogy in some other genera and 

 species of the Cyclophoridie. In PupineUa ceramica, Martens (see 

 Die Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, pi. 4. fig. 9), both on the sutural and 

 columellar side, perfect tubes, although short, take the place of the 

 usual slits. In PupineUa nmidorensis, Adams & Reeve, this stage 

 has not yet been attained, but a very slight increase of shell-deposit 

 on the notch in the columellar margin would form a tube. 



This genus of the Cyclophorida? is one of the best defined, in- 

 cluding in it some of the most gracefully formed and beautiful of 

 land-shells by reason of the brilliant glossy surface of their shells. 

 As regards the Indian species some little confusion has been brought 

 about, caused in a measure by the figures in the ' Conchologia 

 Indica," evidently not taken from typical specimens, but from speci- 

 mens supplied to the artist from some other source. This Mr. 

 Nevill called attention to in his ' Hand-list,' p. 299. The figures 4, 

 5, & 6, P. arida, arfata, and hlanfonU, respectively, given on pi. vii., 

 are all badly drawn. In fig. 4 the centre of the aperture is very 

 nearly on a perpendicular let fall from the right-hand side of the 

 spire : in fig. 5, supposed to be artafa, there is the same error in a 

 less degree, whereas in this shell the aperture is nearly central with 

 the axis. Fig. 6, blanfordi. could not have been drawn from the 

 supposed type, and is more like P. peguensis than anything 

 else. 



Georjraphical distribution : — Pupina is found along the Khasi 

 Hill ranges, this being its extreme western extension ; it has never 



