114 Massachusetts Fern 
‘margins ciliately pubescent, in sporophylls slightly revolute: 
surfaces finely pubescent, lower surface studded with minute 
yellowish glands: rachis stramineous, narrowly furrowed on face, 
texture herbaceous: color light or deeper green, rather bright. 
Venation pinnate, free: primary branches of midveins of pin- 
nz’s segments simple, or a few forked. 
Sori rather large, submarginal or medial: indusia finely glan- 
dular on margin. 
Spores red-brown, under a lens yellow, roughened with ir- 
regular ridges. 
Habitat. Woodland swamps; sphagnous thickets, roadsides 
and pastures; wet banks of streams, etc.; most luxuriant in 
shaded swamps. In plants exposed to the sun the pinne are 
usually conduplicate and the leaf-blade somewhat contracted, 
suggesting a narrow form of Athyrium jilix-jemina. Often ac- 
companied by Lorinseria areolata. 
Range. Maine to Maryland. Also Vermont and New York, 
and reported from Indian Territory and Missouri. Probably of 
wider range. 
Dryopteris simulata. Davenport, Botanical Gazette, 19: 497. 1894, as syn. 
Nephrodiums imulatum. Davenport, Botanical Gazette, 19: 497. 1894, 
assyn. Also Rhodora, 4: 10.  1go2. 
THE development of the form of the leaf-blade of Dryopteris 
simulata needs little explanation beyond that given by the figures.* 
From these may be seen the manner in which the lateral pri- 
mary segments of the early leaves become the pinne with small 
lobes of later, and these lobes lengthen into the segments, some- 
times in turn becoming lobed, of the pinne of the mature leaves. 
* Plates XXVIII, XXIX, XXX. 
+ For comparison of the leaf-development in this fern and in D. noveboracensis see 
page 04. 
