pupa. 107 



rated, tolerably strong for its size, smooth, or very nearly 

 so, glossy, a little translucent, fulvous brown. Whorls 

 five, rounded, rather large, increasing with moderate ra- 

 pidity ; spire perceptibly attenuated ; apex minute. 



Aperture scarcely one-third the length of the shell, 

 almost semi-oval, not angularly produced beneath, armed 

 with four or five deeply seated teeth, of which one is 

 parietal and situated half way between the two lips, two 

 are palatal, one columellar, and the fifth, which is very 

 obscure and minute (often, indeed, obsolete), lies at the 

 base of the aperture. Peristome reddish, thickened, re- 

 flected but not broadly expanded, the outer lip very 

 slightly indented ; lips united by a thin callus. 



The variety alpestris (fig. 6) differs from the more 

 typical form (f. 4) of pygmaa, in its somewhat olivaceous 

 yellow or fulvous colouring, its greater transparency, its 

 more elongated cylindrical shape, and somewhat narrower 

 teeth, of which latter four alone are present. 



The animal is rather stout and very active ; dark grey 

 above, pale below, with stout upper tentacles, and nearly 

 obsolete lower ones which have the aspect of sessile knobs. 



This little shell is widely distributed, and perhaps the 

 most common of the Pupas of the Vertigo section. It 

 may be taken in numbers by laying a piece of old wood 

 upon the grass at nightfall, and examining it in the 

 morning, when the Pupas will be found adhering under- 

 neath a log. It occurs in all three kingdoms, and in most 

 of the outlying islands. The variety alpestris occurs in 

 Cumberland and Northumberland, and other northern 

 counties. Mr. Gough observes that at Kendal it is chiefly 

 found on slate. 



