BIRDS. PASSERES. 69 



1. Upper mandible hooked at the extremit}^ Notch well marked- 

 a. BiU compressed ; ridge of the bill arched and rounded. 



Lanius. 

 aa. Bill depressed. 



b. BiU at the base with numerous long stout hau's. 



Muscicapa. 

 bb. Bill with tender short hairs. 

 Bombycilla. 



2. Upper mandible without a hook at the end. Notch less distinct. 

 a. Bill compressed. First feather in the wing very short. 



b. Tail long. 

 c. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. 

 Turdus. 

 Pastor. 



ce. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe- 

 Oriolus. 

 bb. Tail short. 

 Cinclus. 

 aa. BUI subulate, slender, slightly depressed at the base. 

 b. BiU a little enlarged at the base. Legs long. 

 Saxicola. 

 Sylvia. 

 bb. BUI slender throughout. 

 c. Hind claw of ordinary size. 



d. Bill unifomily convex at the sides. 

 Curruca. 

 Accentor. 



dd. BUI approaching to concave at the sides. 

 Begulus. 

 Troglodytis. 

 cc. Hind claw produced. 



d. TaU and scapulars produced. 



MotacUla. 

 dd. Tail and scapulars common. 

 Anthus. 



■ff Upper mandible wanting the terminal notch. 



1. Bill strong, and of a conical form. Conirostres. 

 a. Mandibles crossing at the extremity. 

 Loxia. 

 Corythus. 

 tut. Mandibles acting in opposition. 



b. Ridge of the upper mandible nearly straight. 

 c. Palate with a tubercle. 



Emberiza. 

 cc. Palate plain. 



d. Hind toe produced, and nearly straight. 

 Alauda. 



dd. Hind toe of ordinary dimensions. 



e. Base of the biU with numerous hairs. 



Parus. 



ee. Base of the bUl plain. 



