Larus. birds. PALMIPIDES. 141 



Length 17, breadth 36 inches; weight 15 ounces. Bill yellow, dusky to- 

 wards the base, 2i inches long. Mouth orange. Legs dull white. I'rides 

 and orbits brown. Head, neck, rump, tail and below white. Back and wings 

 bluish-grey. Primaries black, the two or three first with a spot of white 

 across the ends, and the tips black, the rest tipped with white ; secondaries 

 grey, tipped with white. Female similar. — Nest on ledges of rock on the coast, 

 of sea-weeds. Eggs 2 or 3, dull olive-brown, blotched with dusky. Young 

 mottled brown and white ; the tail Avith a brown bar near the end. The white 

 commences in the second year ; the spots on the wings, and the dark bar of 

 the tail finally disappeai'. In its voung state it has been called the Winter 

 Gull. 



229- L. Rissa. Kittiwake. — Tarsus lT"*oth inch. A small 

 knob instead of a hind toe. 



L. cinereus Bellonii, Will. Orn. 263 — Avis Kittiwake, Sibb. Scot. 20 



L. Rissa, Linn. Sj'st. 224. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. ii. 539 — L. tridactylus, 

 Temm, Orn. ii. 774, — E, An net. — Resident. 

 Length 14, breadth 38 inches; weight 8 ounces. BiU 2^ inches long, 

 shghtly hooked, greenish-yellow ; corners of the mouth, inside and orbits, 

 orange. Feet dusky black. Irides chesnut. Head, neck, rump, tail, and 

 below white ; back and wing-covers pale grey. The four first quill-feathers 

 are tijiped with black, but the fourth has a small white spot near the point ; 

 the fifth (or sixth) is tipped with white, with a black bar. In moulting, I 

 have observed that it is the sixth quill that is first cast olf, then the filth. 



Female similar Nest, in company, on ledges of rocks impending the sea. 



Eggs 2, pale olive, with dark markings. Young have the bill black. Head, 

 neck, and below whitish ; a black spot on the lores, and (lighter coloured) on 

 the ear and on the nape. Above, the plumage is mottled grey and brown ; 

 the quills black ; the tail dusky at the ends ; the whole of the outer one, on 

 each side, plain. The spot on the ear is the last marking of youth which disap- 

 pears. In this young state, it is the L. tridactylus of Linnaeus, and the Tar- 

 rock of Pennant. Mr Edmonston refers to a bird, nearly resembling the 

 tarrock, which he has observed in Zetland, and which he is disposed to consi- 

 der as a distinct species, under the title of L. cot-vus. " The upper part of 

 the neck and head is pale blue ; behind each ear, a spot of a darker shade of 

 the same colour ; the plumage otherwise, similar to that of the kittiwake." — 

 (Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. viii. 99.) From its not breeding, nor frequenting the 

 breeding-places of the common species, it is termed in Zetland, Yeld Kitii' 

 vmke. It is also called Craa Maa. It is probably only the tarrock in the last 

 stage of immaturity. 



230. L. riiUbundus. Black-headed Gull. — tiead and upper- 

 neck brownish-black ; a large white space on the middle of the 

 first quills ; tarsus 1 /^th inch in length. 



L. cinereus. Will. Orn. 264 L. rid. Linn. Syst. 225. Perm. Brit. ZooL ii. 



541. Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. 284. Temm. Orn. ii. 780.— £, Pewit. 



Black-cap, Sea-crow, Rickmire ; S, Hooded Maw. 

 Length 15, breadth 37 inches ; weight 10 ounces. Bill and feet rich ver- 

 milion. Irides hazel. Round the eyes a few white feathers. Lower part of 

 the neck, tail, and below white ; the back and wings grey. Primaries white, 

 the first with the exterior margin black ; the second tipped Avith black, and 

 marked with a black spot on the inner web. In winter the head is Avhite, 

 with a black patch on the ear, and another in front of the eyes; under the 



wing blackish-grey. Female similar Nest in meadows and islands in fresh Ava- 



ter lakes. Eggs 3, olive, with dusky blotches. The z/om«^ mottled Avitli broAA-n 

 and white. The head then becomes Avhite, Avith an obscure spot behind the 

 ear ; tail Avith a dark band. Base of the bill livid, the point black ; the feet 



