I NEE STEMS i)\ 



These leiUici-ls are iiaUire's \eiUilat(jrs, opening 

 and shuttiiii^ in this curious way in order that the 

 manufacture which is c^oini;" on beneath the bark 

 may receive from the outer air the \aric)us <^ases 

 essential to llie work which is beini; carried on 

 within. 



I ha\e said that many and various thin<^s arc 

 stored in the stem-cells of trees. It would occupy 

 too much space to attempt to make an\'thin<4 like 

 a complete list of the lic|ui(ls and solids which are 

 obtained from trees, but 1 w ill enumerate a few of 

 those with which we are familiar from their use- 

 fulness in e\er)'-da\- life. 



Turpentine is obtained from \arious kinds of 

 firs — the Scotch fir. larch, and others. Ikirgund}' 

 pitch from the spruce fir. A kind of tar is also 

 |)repared from .Scotch fir and larch, h'rom \arious 

 kinds of cinchona we (obtain (juinine, so \alu,ible 

 as a remed)' lor le\er. Camphor is a product of a 

 Chinese tree. Tannin, b)' which skins are con- 

 verted into leather, is obtained from the bark of 

 .the oak-tree. A kind of sugar is made from the 

 sap of the maple, which is largeh' used in America. 

 Gum arable and a urt-at number of irums used in 



