172 

 ^ Family Litorinidce. 



LiTORINA RUDIS (MatOIl). 



Turbo 7-udis, Maton (1797) teste Jeffreys ; and Donovan (1800). 



Turbo tenebrosus, Montagu (1803). Variety. 



Turbo obligatus. Say (1822). 



Tihrbo vcstitus, Say (1822). The var. tenehrosa. 



Littorina rudis, Gould (1841 and 1870). 



Littorina tencbrosa, Gould (1841 and 1870). 



Littorina Grcenlaiidica, Moller (1842). 



Abundant almost everywhere on rocks, sea weeds, etc., often above reach 

 of the highest tides, but sometimes washed downward into very deep water. 

 Thus, in 1871, the writer dredged a single living specimen of this shell in 

 160 fathoms, mud, twenty-one miles S.W. of Ellis Bay, Anticoati The 

 species has long been known to occur on the coasts of Labrador and Green- 

 land. Mr. Low collected living specimens of it on the shore between King 

 George Sound and the bottom of Ungava Bay, on the south side of Hudson 

 Strait, in 1897 ; and on the shore of Richmond Gulf, on the east coast of 

 Hudson Bay, in 1899. 



As a fossil, L. rudis has been collected in the Pleistocene deposits at 

 Riviere du Loup, by Sir J. W. Dawson ; also in the Clyde beds and at 

 Udde valla, in Sweden. 



LiTORINA PALLIATA (Say). 



Turbo littoralis, O. Fabricius (1780). 

 Turbo pcMiatus, Say (1822). 

 Littorina jxiUiata, Gould (1841 and 1870). 

 Litlorimi arctica, Moller (1842). 

 Littorina littoralis, Stimpson (1851). 



Throughout the entire region, in similar situations to the preceding species, 

 but a little more local and not quite so common. Jeffreys says that L. palliata 

 is a synonym of L. littoralis, L., which is not European, the L. littoralis of 

 Forbes and Hanley being L. obtusata, L. In the s^-cond edition of Gould's 

 Invertebrata of Massachusetts, L. jmlliata is said to occur fossil at Beauport, 

 on the authority of Sir J. W. Dawson, but the name of that species is not 

 included in the list of Pleistocene fossils in the Canadian Ice Age. 



LiTORINA LITOREA (L.), 



Turbo littoreus, L. (17G7). 



Littorina littorca, Johnston ; et auct. 



Whole coast of Nova Scotia (Willis) but this probably means only the 

 Atlantic coast. According to Ganong* this species was discovered at Hali- 



* American Naturalist for November, 1886. 



