280 SEVENTH REPORT—1837, 
Milch cattle.—The proportion of milch cattle, on which so 
much of the comfort of the people depends, whether rural or 
urban, in the Dharwar Collectorate, is greater than in the 
other collectorates, being one cow or milch buffalo to 2°45 souls. 
In Poona it is 1 to 5°24 persons; in Ahmednuggur 1 to 3:04 
persons ; and in Khandesh | cow or buffalo to 2°26 souls. 
Ploughs.—As 1 have before stated, ploughs are of two 
kinds, the Nangur or heavy plough, and the Hulka Nangur or 
light plough; the same obtains with respect to drill ploughs, no 
grain being sown broadcast, the heavy drill plough being called 
Mogurh, and the light Pabhar. The proportion of ploughs 
in the Dharwar Collectorate is 1°41 to each cultivator, or 
nearly three ploughs to two farmers; the number of ploughs in 
the returns being 99,883, and the number of cultivators 70,488. 
Carts.—Were a judgement to be formed of the state of the 
roads, and of the facility of communication and transit by 
wheel carriages, from the proportion of carts to the farmers, 
the estimate would be low indeed.* In the Dharwar Collect- 
orate there is only one cart to thirteen farmers. ‘The carts 
are universally of two wheels. 
Pack cattle-—The unusual number of pack bullocks, which 
carry loads on their backs, in the Dharwar Collectorate, would 
seem to indicate that they are the chief means by which agri- 
cultural and other produce is transported from place to place. 
In Khandesh there is the least number of pack cattle, and the 
greatest proportional number of carts. In Poona a great 
number of pack cattle, and only one cart to eleven farmers. 
The proportion in Ahmednugeur I do not know. 
Land and other Tenures. 
Lands are held under a great variety of tenures in Dukhun, 
some by virtue of offices which are hereditary, some as here- 
ditary freehold property, some in free gift from the state, 
some in Jagheer or military or feudal tenure, some on a quit 
rent, and in many other ways; but a rapid notice of the dif- 
ferent tenures, and of the office-bearers holding lands, will 
best assist to give a clear idea of their quality and number. 
In the first place, the proprietary right of the soil was 
(and is) in the people, and not in the sovereign. The sove- 
reign could assess the land as he pleased, and assign away a 
part or the whole of the revenue arising from the land-tax 
or assessment, either in free gift (EKenam), military tenure 
(Jagheer), or quit rent, or in any other way ; but he could not 
* It is nevertheless true, that had the farmers carts, they could rarely use 
them from the want of roads, unless in the dry season. 
