TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 165 



The engine works two pumps of different sizes ; one of them raises 

 the daily supply from the river in three hours, and the other forces it 

 in eight hours to the upper reservoir, through a main pipe of 14 inches 

 diameter and 1700 yards in length. 



The water when raised from the river is received into " subsidiary 

 tanks" of brickwork set in Roman cement, of Avhich there are two, each 

 of them containing a day's supply; by this means it Avill take 2i hours 

 to settle and deposit the earthly particles suspended in it before it be 

 suffered to run upon the filtering apparatus, which is a large brick tank, 

 containing a series of beds or strata of sand and gravel, resting upon 

 brick tunnels set in Roman cement, the uppermost bed being of fine 

 sand, the lowest of pebbles. The area of the filter bed is 10,000 square 

 feet; the Avater filters by descent, and is received into the tunnels, 

 whence it is forced by the steam-engine through the main pipes a di- 

 stance of 1700 yards, to a height of 200 feet to the high reservoir, and 

 is thence distributed in cast-iron pipes of various diameter OA'er the 

 whole of the town. These Avorks have been completely successful. 

 The ancient company haA-e disposed of their charter and their Avooden 

 pipes to the directors of the Subscription Water Company, who, during 

 the meeting at NcAvcastle, opened their Avorks for the inspection of the 

 members of the British Association. 



STATISTICS. 



0?i Educational Statistics of Newcastle. By Mr. Caugill. 



From this paper it appears, that of a population of 64,000, and of 

 16,000 children between the ages of 5 and 15, there are 7761 or 481 

 per cent, of the Avhole, apparentlj-^ receiving no education, either real or 

 nominal, in schools. In a district of the toAvn, every place of abode 

 in which Avas visited, and the number of children from 3 to 15 years of 

 age found to be contained 4352, it appears 44^ per cent. Avere found 

 able to read and Avrite : of 736 persons Avho registered births and 

 deaths in all the parishes, 513 could not Avrite, or 41 per cent: of 1264 

 persons committed to prison, chiefly for grave offences, during 18 months, 

 only 30 could read and Avrite Avell. A large proportion of the schools 

 for the poor Avere found totally inadequate for the purposes of real edu- 

 cation, and the teachers often as ignorant as the scholars. That the inhabi- 

 tants of alarge district (26,000), Avere in general living in a state of misery 

 and apparent destitution, though the Avages earned by a great part were 

 as high as 18s., 21s., 25s., 30s., and even as high as 40s. per Aveek, — 

 showing the inadequacy of high Avages alone to produce the happiness 

 arising from order, cleanliness, and mental culture, Avhen improvidence, 

 drunkenness, &c. <S:c. retain a hold of the Avorking classes. 



