624 FOURTH REPORT — 1834. 



vity of these gigantic chains, stated the reasons which have led 

 him to conclude that there existed there at a comparatively 

 recent period a race of men very different from any of those 

 now inhabiting our globe, characterized principally by the 

 anomalous form of the cranium, in which two thirds of the 

 entire weight of the cerebral mass is placed behind the occi- 

 pital foramen, and in which the bones of the face are very much 

 elongated. Mr. Pentland entered into details to prove that 

 this extraordinary form cannot be attributed to pressure or any 

 external force similar to that still employed by many American 

 tribes, and adduced in confirmation of this view the opinion of 

 Cuvier, of Gall, and of many other celebrated naturalists and 

 anatomists. 



The remains of this race are found in ancient tombs among 

 the mountains of Peru and Bolivia, and principally in the great 

 inter-alpine valley of Titicaca, and on the borders of the lake of 

 the same name. These tombs present very remarkable ardiii- 

 tectural beauty, and appear not to date beyond seven or eight 

 centuries before the present period. 



The race of men to which these extraordinary remains be- 

 long, appears to Mr. Pentland to have constituted the inhabi- 

 tants of the elevated regions situated between the 14th and 

 19th degrees of south latitude before the ai'rival of the present 

 Indian population, which, in its physical characters, its customs, 

 &c., offers many analogies with the Asiatic races of the Old 

 World. 



GEOLOGY. 



On the Geology of Berwickshire. By David Milne, Advocate^ 

 A.M., F.R.S.E. F.G.S. 



Mr. Milne commenced his paper by describing the bounda- 

 ries of the district he had examined, and for the better illus- 

 tration of which he exhibited a coloured map and sections. The 

 district in question comprehends the Lammermnir hills on the 

 north, the valley of the Tweed on the south, and a line drawn 

 north and south through Melrose on the west. He mentioned, 

 that there are at least four different formations or groups of 

 rocks to be found in this district. First, the grauivack^ roc\is, 

 composing the greater part of the Lammermuir hills. Second, 

 the old red sandstone, which ranges along the base of these hills, 

 and is found filling up their valleys and burn-courses. Third, 

 the coal-measures, which, to a certain extent, are distinctly de- 

 veloped, resting on the old red sandstone, and forming the lower 

 parts of Berwickshire ; and fourthly, the trap, which forms the 



