164 REPORT—1857. 
range of vision, east, north and west, but the open ocean and a water sky. 
This was succeeded by intense cold in January, when the sea speedily froze 
over again. 
The periods at which the mean temperature of the year occurred in spring 
and autumn were at the middle of October and April, or rather more than 
20 days after the equinoxes; but the period of greatest cold was a month 
after the winter solstice, and the greatest summer heat appears to have oc- 
curred in the beginning of August, or 40 days after midsummer. 
TaBLE II. gives the highest and lowest single temperatures of each month, 
the means of the highest and lowest daily temperatures for each month, and 
the means of these or of the daily extremes. 
This Table shows that the greatest monthly range of temperature occurred 
in April, and was no less than 73 degrees, only 22 short of the range for the 
whole year, which was 95 ; running from +52° in summer to —43° in winter. 
The mean of these two single temperatures was 3 degrees below the true 
mean of the year, whilst the mean of the daily maxima and minima accorded 
with the true means to nearly within half a degree. 
Taste III. shows the mean temperature of every hour for each month. 
By this, the hottest and coldest periods of the day may be seen, as well as 
the mean daily range for the month. The coldest and hottest times of the 
day were usually a little after 2 o'clock a.m., and a little before 2 o’clock 
p-m.; but the time at which the mean temperature of the month occurred 
was rather before 7 a.m. and p.m. In this the daily changes of temperature 
corresponded with the annual, in the intervals between the periods of the 
extremes and the means following being shorter than the intervals between 
the periods of the extremes and the means preceding them. ‘The greatest 
range between the day and night temperatures took place in April, and was 
11 degrees. 
Tas _e IV. shows the mean temperature of every pair of opposite hours. 
From this Table it does not appear at first sight that any pair of similar hours 
can be selected as corresponding to the monthly mean ; but on closer exami- 
nation, the pairs of 3 and 9 generally give a mean nearer that of the month 
than any others. This appears more distinctly in the succeeding tables, where 
the whole year is given. 
TaBLe V. gives the hourly mean for the seasons, for the summer and 
winter halves of the year, and for the whole 344 days, at the same locality. 
From the omission of the 21 days in August, the summer temperatures ap- 
pear somewhat below the truth, and the same remark applies to the summer 
half and to the whole year. But this does not materially affect the main 
object of the Table, which is to exhibit the progressive change of temperature 
from hour to hour. 
Tas Le VI. shows the mean temperature of every pair of similar hours for 
the seasons, half-years, and year, as in the last Table. In the last column it 
will be seen that the pairs of hours giving a mean nearest the mean of the 
year are 3 and 9, ora little after; or at very nearly equal periods before and 
after noon and midnight, and not intermediate between the periods of the 
extremes and evening and morning means. 
These first six Tables refer to the year 1852-53, beginning with Septem- 
ber and ending with August ; and the six following are corresponding ones 
for the year 1853-54. 
Tasc_e VII. differs from No. I. in the periods before referred to being 
generally later, in the extremes being more marked, and in the mean tempe- 
rature of the whole year being lower than that of the preceding one. Thus 
the periods of the mean temperature in the autumn and spring were nearer 
ee 
