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TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 123 
‘The author enters into details of various collections of ruins in the north of Peru, 
not of Incareal origin, such as those of Cuelap, Huanuco, Patuelca, Pachacamac, &c. 
He also gives some particulars of the tombs of Cafiete, anciently called the beautiful 
valleys of the Guarcu, which formed the state of the Chuqui-Mancu. The Chincha 
islands take their name from the ancient great Chincha nation of the coast, and it is 
supposed that there is guano only for ten years if it is taken away in such quantities 
as at present. At Arica, in 18° S., are many Huacas or tombs containing mum- 
mies, pottery, and various other curiosities. A cave is also described as existing in 
the Mirro or headland of Arica. 
Mr. Bollaert was some time in the province of Tarapaca, famed for the existence 
there of inexhaustible quantities of nitrate of soda, about 50,000 tons of which are 
- annually exported, A new mineral of boracic acid has lately been met with there. 
The celebrated silver mines of Huantajaya are in this province ; copper exists in large 
quantities as well as other metals. 
On the arid hills and mountains of the province of Tarapacd, Mr. Bollaert dis- 
covered the ‘ Pintados,” or ancient Indian Pictography. The figures are of large 
size, produced by taking away the loose dark pieces of stone in outline from the sur- 
face of the mountain. This peculiar species of Pictography he at first considered to 
have been done by the ancient as well as by the present Indians for amusement, but 
his recent researches show that they are Huacas or sacred spots, some of them being 
ancient burial-places. 1, called “ Las Rayas,” is laid out as if for a garden, with 
a large double circle in the centre, the paths rendered hard by the feet of people: 
religious ceremonies may have been performed here. 2 is composed of oblong 
figures. 3. A large double circle and oblong figures. 4. Irregular designs, figures 
of Indians, puma and llama. 5 is the most interesting, made up of compart- 
ments ; in one of these was found an ancient grave containing the body of a female 
in a dress of feathers. The ‘‘ White Horse,” near Oldbury Castle in Wilts, is of 
this sort of ‘ Pintados.” 
Near to the rich copper deposit in the Andes of Yabricoya, an interesting monu- 
ment was fallen in with in the Pampa del Leon. Here is a large isolated block of 
granite covered with old Indian sculptures. The centre group is a man wrestling 
with a puma; there are also figures of llamas, guanacos, circles, serpents, &c. These 
figures have been picked out by a pointed instrument—say of hard brass. 
Mr, Bollaert concludes by referring to the many ancient monuments existing in 
Peru, separating the Incareal from those of neighbouring and more ancient nations, 
assisting at least, with the labours of others, in the collecting of materials for the 
ancient history of Peru. 
He examined the coal mines of Chile, and paid a second visit to Arauco. The 
Chilian government have it in contemplation to colonize that part of Chile; some 
think this may be done amicably, whilst others foresee, should such be attempted, a 
sanguinary war would result. Mr. Bollaert saw some of the Araucanos ; they looked 
a superior race, and as if they would resist inroads into their lovely valleys filled with 
cattle and horses, and studded with the magnificent Araucaria, yielding them abun- 
dance of nuts forming their bread. 
On the Routes of Communication between England and India. 
By Major-General Cuesney, R.A., D.C.L., F.RS. 
The importance of a rapid communication with India is now an admitted fact by 
the whole of Europe. In reality it should have been so considered in past times, nor 
ean it ever be otherwise so long as India remains a dependency of Great Britain. 
Since I had the honour of addressing the Section on this subject at Belfast, in 1852; 
the question of our communication with India by the line of the Euphrates has taken 
a much higher position than it then occupied in public attention. But before going 
on to the few remarks which I wish to make to you on this subject, I should like to 
point out to you the various existing and proposed lines of route to India, in order 
that you may have clearly before your mind what it is that I am anxious to accom- 
plish by this Euphrates route of which you have so often heard... You all know our 
long sea line to India round the Cape, as well as the existing line by the Red Sea 
