be 
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 141 
pronounced with wa. This seems evident in the case of $9? ‘ wine,’”’ and of verbs 
like 3’. It would appear then that the letter d/leph passed into He and Vaw; 
and it is therefore natural to suppose that its original value was HW, which would 
easily do this. Indeed there is no sound which would be likely to be dropped that 
Aleph could represent except this, H, W and Y having other letters to represent them. 
In confirmation of this, it is to be observed that mu is the pronominal root of the 
first person in Accadian ; and the Indo-European objective me implies the existence 
of a nominative mu, from which it would be derived as ¢e from tu. The transition 
of hw into m is exceedingly common: see the annexed Table. The Japhetic form 
would then be iwu, the Semitic and Egyptian & or &, the vowel being unsettled. 
By adding ku, “‘here,’’ to the primeval wu, we have kwu-ku, changed for euphony 
into hwdku or hwiku, ‘‘I here.”” This became the Indo-European iku, and with the 
verb of presence hwan-hwdku, properly “ adsum,”’ and not used till a late period for 
“ ego.” , 
The character for ‘‘ water”’ was in Accadian hwa; generally used in the plural as 
hwa-hwa. These were Japhetic forms; and from them we have the Indo-European 
ahwa, and from the singular form ma, wa, wi, u, all of wlfich are in use. The Semitic 
mi and mami and the Egyptian mu are clearly connected with them. 
The following is a list of the verbal pedigrees, several of them imperfect, which 
have been obtained by me. Of the numerals with which it begins, the Accadian 
words for ‘“‘three” and “‘ four” are less to be depended on than the rest. It is sup- 
posed that the second character in fig. 1 represents ‘a set of three,”’ three bars or 
other objects connected by a string; that the Accadian name of this was the phonetic 
value of the character 77; while the Semitic word corresponding to this, tal (whence 
-talit in the feminine), was a second phonetic value, as in fig. 10. The analogy of the 
numeral for ‘‘two”’ favours this view. It is supposed again that a rhombus or four- 
sided figure, of which the phonetic value was wt, represented the Accadian word for 
“four,” as four small horizontal wedges represented the corresponding Semitic 
word. ‘The equivalence in value of these characters seems probable, though it has 
not been demonstrated. Here again the analogies of Nos. 11 and 12 corroborate the 
pedigree. 
No. 1. ana JX& “one,” Ac. hwana; I.E. hwan; J. hwan. 
TT 
No. 2. (See above), Ac. mi; I.E. thwi; J. thmi; E. thui; S. thni; Pr. thmi. 
No. 3. (See above), Ac. 77 (?); I.E. éri; J. tri; S. tal; Pr. tar. 
No. 4. (See above), Ac. hut(?); I.E. hwat-war “four complete” and ahwt-au 
“two fours, 7. e. eight;”? J. ahwat, hwat; E. afat; Pr. ahwat. 
No. 5. ya NN “ five;”’ Ac. hwihwa; 1.K. hwinhwi; J. hwinhwa; E. thihw; S.hinth; 
oy} 
Pr. hwinhw. 
No. 6. as; Ac. has; I.E. sihs; J. sahs; S. sas; Pr. sahs. 
No. 7. (See above), Ac. mu; I.E. mu, mi; J. hwu; E. and S.&; Pr. hwu; LE. 
iku “There ;” J. hwiku; S. hwan-hwaku ‘It is I here;” E. TRIN 5 Pr. hwa-ku 
and hwi-ku, by euphonic change for hwu-ku ‘<I here.’’ 
No. 8. Ac. zdu; I.E. stu, sti; J. stu; E. and 8S. J and f; Pr. sku. 
No. 9. a, ha,wa 8 ““water;” Ac. hwa and hwa-hwa; I.E. ma, wa, wi, uw and 
ahwa; J. and Pr. hwa, and in plural, hwa-hwa; E. mu; S. mi and mami. 
No. 10. igh YR “a house;” Ac. hwigh; I.E. hwik; J. and Pr. hwih; E. pi. 
No. 11. us “a male;” Ac. hus; I.E. mas; J. hwas. 
No. 12. wn “a man;” Ac. hun; I.E. man; J. hwan; cf. No.1; observing that the 
character for ‘‘one”’ is used as determinative of names of men. The connexion of 
the last two roots with {9% and ZN is by no means impossible, though certainly 
not to be relied on. 
No. 13. “A king,” Ac. man; I.E. and J. hwan. 
_ No. 14. “A lion,” Ac. lig; I.E. and J. lihw; S. lith, lavi; E. lavo. 
No. 15. ‘‘A jaw.” Ac. ka; I.E: kahw. 
To these might be added sku, the Accadian word for ‘a skin,” and perhaps others, 
Now it must strike a person at first sight, that the above words are much better re- 
presented in the Greek, Latin, and Teutonic languages than in the Sanskrit. The 
