: 
: 
: 
: 
. 
g Total increase in 9 hours 21°2 or 2°35 per hour. 
_ Average revolutions per minute 88°64. 
__ 50 gallons of water at starting. 42°5 gallons of water at stopping. 
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 191 
scale, but without adding the loss of heat by the radiation of the mass; thus proving 
the correctness of the theory, namely, that water, like other fluids, was subject to 
the same laws as govern chemical or mechanical action; and that friction or agitation 
was neither more nor less than a disturbance of molecular equilibrium, which, by 
deranging from their natural positions the particles of bodies, developes heat and elec- 
tricity, according to the constitution of the bodies subject to their action, and to the 
rapidity with which those operations were performed. Encouraged therefore by the 
facts elicited by the experiments of last year, I undertook this year a new series of 
experiments, the objects of which were,— 
ist. To prove the accuracy or not of the last year’s experiments. 
2nd. The law, or approximation to it, of increased temperature. 
8rd. The possibility of attaining the boiling-point. 
4th. The mechanical equivalent of heat to mechanical power. 
For these purposes an entirely new apparatus was prepared. It was driven by the 
steam-engine as before. 
DescriPTIoN OF THE APPARATUS FoR CHuURNING WaTER. 
The apparatus consisted in the first new series of experiments of a cubical deal box, 
28 inches square and 23 inches in depth. It was covered with a lid of the same 
material, fitted to prevent the water from escaping while in motion, and was per- 
forated with a circular hole in the middle of the lid, to allow the working freely of a 
vertical axis or spindle. The spindle itself, which was 23 inches square, was furnished 
with eight radial arms, fitted with a series of vertical stirrers nailed upon their sides, 
to break the water as much as possible; and to prevent rotary motion in the water, 
vertical boards were fixed in the corners of the box. The axle was supported in two 
bearings above the box, and had no bottom spindle as in the former experiments, an 
objection which was urged last year. On the contrary, the bottom of the vertical axis 
was 3 inches above the bottom of the box. It is clear, therefore, whatever heat might 
have been generated by the friction of the bearings of the vertical axle could not be 
communicated to the water, and such was found to be the case. The whole appa- 
 ratus was of wood. 
The box, when filled, contained 50 gallons or 500 pounds of well-water, previous 
to the apparatus being set in motion on the 19th of June, 1857 ; the following were 
the results of a preliminary trial :— 
THIRD SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS.—June 19, 1857. 
Result of first day (9 hours), heating water by churning. 
Time. Temp. of water Temp. Time. Temp. of water Temp. 
—_ in box. of air. hem in box. of air. 
"11 30am. .. 61:0 . . 70 430 pM... 68 
(12 30p.m. . . 60°5 Dic oUl ses tube ace MOORS 
BEE AQ see a 62"5 OES su vrais | bee 
m2s0 ,  . . 64 ‘ 72 eaOl elie cee We 
BeGO 55. «. 66 Sy SO 55 Ae ota cebsie Spey INAS, 
Temperature of water in box increased from 60°°5 to 73°. Increase in 9 hours 13°5 
Loss by radiation in 10} hours 9°=85°°7 per hour. 9 hours at 85°7 perhour 77 
Total increase 21°-2 
THIRD SERIES oF EXPERIMENTS.—June 20, 1857. 
Result of second day (9 hours), heating water by churning. 
Temp. of water Temp. Time. Temp. of water Temp. 
in box. of air. in box. of air. 
° ° hm ° ° 
- . 64 Se, 00 120pmM. .. 81 
a ets, OF 10 ;, Be GAD twas mage 
a ae) DLO RRR Sipe iirticls 
# ca MP ay (7 oO rss «mee. LOO 
” . . . 77'°5 4 10) ” ° e 92 ° ° 74 
