64 REPORT—1840, 
frames, where it is allowed to become solid, and then cut into the usual 
parallelopipeds, or wedges, as they are called. It is customary, during 
the cleansing of the soap, as the pouring it into the frame is called, to 
mix it with a quantity of caustic soda ley. The soap made in Glasgow 
is usually a compound of 
1 atom oily acid...... 53 or per cent. 74°6 
2 atoms soda ......... 8 “4 11°2 
9 atoms water ...... 10°125 °°, 142 
71°125 
White soap is cleansed at the average temperature of 181°. Its con- 
stitution is precisely the same as that of yellow soap. 
11. Bleaching of cotton cloth is carried on here to a great extent. 
It consists of four processes :—1!st. The goods are boiled with lime, at 
a temperature above the boiling point of water. The process is 
curious, and deserves to be seen. 2nd. The cloth is steeped in a 
solution of bleaching powder. 3rd. It is boiled with caustic soda or 
potash. 4th. It is steeped in water acidulated with sulphuric acid. 
12. Turkey-red dyeing has been practised here for almost half a 
century. 
13. Calico-printing is carried on here to a great extent; glass-ma- 
king is carried on here or on the Clyde in all its branches; for starch- 
making there is only one manufactory. The manufacture of the dye 
stuff called cudbear, employed in dyeing red, has long been carried on 
here; so has the distillation of spirits and the manufacture of zther. 
On the Minerals in the Neighbourhood of Glasgow. By Professor 
Tuos. Tuomson, F.R.S. 
The neighbourhood of Glasgow, including Lead Hills, is not even 
inferior to Cornwall in the richness of its mineral species. The mines 
at Lead Hills began to be wrought during the reign of James IV. under 
the name of gold mines, and it is said by Boethius that he extracted 
from them a considerable treasure. In the time of James V. Lead 
Hills was a lead mine as at present, and is particularly described by 
Agricola in his celebrated work de re metallica. Besides galena, no 
fewer than nine species of lead ore occur at Lead Hills; these are— 
1. Sulphate of lead. 2. Carbonate of lead, analysed by Klaproth in 1802. 
3. Cupreo-sulphate of lead, described by Mr. Sowerby. 4. Sulphato-carbonate 
of lead, analysed by Mr. Brooke in 1820, 5, Sulphato-tricarbonate of lead, 
analysed by Mr. Brooke in 1820. 6. Phosphate of lead, analysed by Dr. T. 
Thomson. 7. Cupreo-sulphato-carbonate of lead, analysed by Mr. Brooke in 
1820. 8. Chromo-phosphate of lead, analysed by Dr. T. Thomson. 9. Va- 
nadiate of lead, analysed by Dr. R. D. Thomson in 1834. 
Lead Hills also affords fine specimens of blende, or sulphuret of zine, 
and also of silicate of zinc. 
In Kilpatrick, hills, which bound the valley of the Clyde from the 
Stockey Muir to Dumbarton, and also the corresponding but lower 
