214 REPORT—1843. 
ferences in the bones of the Mammoth that have hitherto been found ; 
all of which indicate but one species. And this conclusion harmonizes 
with the laws of the geographical distribution of the existing species of 
Elephant. 
Throughout the whole continent of Africa but one species of Elephant has 
been recognized. A second species of Elephant is spread over the south of 
Asia and some of the adjacent islands; and the results of the more extensive 
and accurate observations of this species, whilst they make known some well- 
marked varieties, as the Mooknah, the Dauntelah, &c., founded on modifica- 
tions of the teeth, establish the unity of species to which those varieties be- 
long. If the observed varieties in the dentition of the Mammoth are to be 
interpreted, as Parkinson, Nesti, Croizet, V. Meyer and others have done, as 
evidences of distinct species, we must be prepared to admit not merely three, 
but six or more distinct species of gigantic Mammoths to have roamed through 
the primeval swamps and forests of England. 
Tusks.—The complete or nearly complete tusks of the Elephas primigenius 
from British strata which have fallen under my observation, possess the same 
extensive double curvature as the tusks of the great Mammoth in the museum 
of St. Petersburgh, from the icy cliff at the mouth of the Lena in Siberia, 
and as those brought to England by Capt. Beechey from Eschscholtz Bay, 
which have been figured by Dr. Buckland, and are now in the British 
Museum. 
A very perfect specimen, but of moderate size, was lately dug up twelve 
feet below the surface out of the drift gravel of Cambridge; it measures 5 
feet in length and 2 feet 4 inches across the chord of its curve, and it is 11 
inches in circumference at the thickest part of its base. 
In the collection of Mr. Brown of Stanway there is a fragment of a tusk 
of the Mammoth, from the freshwater formation at Clacton in Essex, which 
measures 2 feet in circumference, thus exceeding the size of the largest of 
the tusks brought home by Capt. Beechey from Eschscholtz Bay. 
A very fine tusk of the Mammoth from British strata forms part of the 
remarkable collection of remains of the Mammoth obtained by the Rev. J. 
Layton from the drift of the Norfolk coast, near the village of Happisburgh ; 
it was dredged up in 1826, measured 9 feet 6 inches in length, and weighed 
ninety-seven pounds. 
At Knole-sand, near Axminster, about twenty miles from the coast, Sir 
H. De la Beche obtained a tusk 9 feet 8 inches in length. The finest tusk 
of a British Mammoth forms part of the rich collection of fossil Mammalian 
remains obtained from Ilford by the late Joseph Gibson, Esq. of Stratford, 
Essex ; this tusk measured 12 feet 6 inches in length, following the outward 
curvature. 
The smallest Mammoth’s tusk which I have seen is in the museum of Mr. 
Wickham Flower; it is from the drift or till at Ilford, Essex, and has be- 
longed to a very young Mammoth; its length measured along the outer 
curve is 12% inches, and the circumference of its base is 4 inches. It has 
nevertheless been evidently put to use by the young animal, the tip having 
been obliquely worn. 
The small tusk from the Cambridge gravel has not belonged to a young 
animal, but is fully formed, and it most probably indicates a sexual character, 
analogous to that in the existing Indian Elephant; the tusks in the female 
Mammoth, although more developed than they are in the female Elephas In- 
dicus, yet being much shorter than in the male Mammoth. 
Bones.—Of the bones of the trunk and extremities of the Mammoth, a few 
examples may be briefly noticed. Of two specimens of the atlas of the Mam- 
