ON BRITISH FOSSIL MAMMALIA. 219 
Remains of the Mammoth have also been raised in the British Channel 
from the shoals called Varn and Redge, which lie midway between Dover 
and Calais. 
These, therefore, with the fishing-banks above mentioned in the German 
Ocean, seem to be the furthest limits to which it is allowable to trace the re- 
mains of lost species in a record of the British Fossil Mammalia. 
Indications of the Physical Forces which operated on the unstratified drift 
containing Bones and Teeth of the Mammoth. 
The evidences of an enormous crushing and breaking power are very re- 
markably exemplified in some of the Mammalian fossils from the ‘till’ or 
drift at Walton in Essex. Mr. Brown of Stanway possesses molars of the 
Mammoth from this locality which have been split vertically and lengthwise, 
across all the component plates of dentine and enamel; other molars have 
been so crushed and squeezed that the enamel-plates are shivered in pieces, 
which are driven into the conglomerate of the different substances, and the 
fragments of enamel stick out like the bits of glass from the plaster which caps 
a garden wall. 
The ramus of a lower jaw of a Rhinoceros from the drift near the 
sea-coast of Essex, has been split vertically and lengthwise through all the 
molars. 
A similar condition of some of the mammalian fossil remains, including 
parts of the Mammoth, discovered by Mr. Stutchbury in a cavernous fissure 
at Durdham Down near Bristol, has been explained on the hypothesis of 
considerable relative movement having taken place in the walls of the fissure 
of the cavern since the deposit of the organic remains; and Mr. Stutechbury 
adduces, in confirmation of this view, the fact, that a calcareous spar-vein in 
the vicinity bears undoubted evidence of having been moved and recon- 
structed. 
Other forces than the concussion of rocks by earthquakes seem, however, 
to have operated in producing the fractures of the teeth and bones in the 
beds of Essex gravel or drift above adverted to; and I cannot suggest any 
more probable dynamic, than the action of masses of ice, on the supposition 
of such being chiefly concerned in the deposition and dispersion of the super- 
ficial drift itself. 
It is remarkable that the bones and teeth of the Elephant are very rarely 
rolled or water-worn; the fractured surfaces are generally entire, and some- 
times the bones are found, like that in the Ashmolean Museum, in a remark- 
able state of integrity. 
Genus Mastodon. 
Remains of any species of this extinct genus are extremely rare in Great 
Britain, and have been hitherto only found in those deposits consisting of 
sand, shingle, loam and laminated clay, containing an intermixture of the 
shells of terrestrial, freshwater and marine Mollusca, which extend along 
the coast of Norfolk and Suffolk, and have been accurately described by Mr. 
Lyell under the name of the ‘ Fluvio-marine Crag.’ 
The first fossil submitted to my examination by Mr. Lyell from this forma- 
tion, referable to the genus Mastodon, was a small part of the left superior 
maxillary bone containing the second true molar and the remains of the 
socket of the one anterior to it. The molar was not distinguishable from 
the corresponding one figured and described by Dr. Kaup in the magnificent 
remains of the Mastodon named by him Jongirostris, which were discovered 
in a similar fluvio-marine deposit at Epplesheim, Hesse-Darmstadt. 
