222 REPORT—1843. 
the same extinct species of Rhinoceros were found: they were associated in 
one of the fissures with remains of a large species of Deer and of the Ursus 
speleus; in another fissure with fossil bones of Equus, Bos, Cervus, Ursus, 
Canis, Hyena, and Felis spelea: none of the bones exhibit marks of having 
been gnawed or broken by the teeth of the great cave-haunting Carnivora; 
but both these and the herbivorous species appear to have perished by acci- 
dentally falling into the cavernous fissures before these were filled up by the 
mud, clay and drift. 
The abundant remains of the Rhinoceros discovered in the cave at Kirk- 
dale tell a very different history: they manifest, as Dr. Buckland has demon- 
strated, abundant evidence of the action of the powerful jaws and teeth of 
the Hyznas, whose copros and other vestigia prove that ancient cavern to 
have been their habitual place of refuge. The fossil bones of the Rhino- 
ceroses found in this cavern, as well as in that near Torquay, called Kent’s 
Hole, belonged to animals which inhabited England during the period im- 
mediately preceding the deposition of the unstratified drift, and they coexisted 
with the Mammoth, Hippopotamus, huge Aurochs, Ox and Deer, which like- 
wise became the occasional prey of the Hyzenas, whose dwelling-place was 
thus converted into a kind of charnel-house of the large Herbivora. 
The circumstances under which remains of the Rhinoceros have been dis- 
covered in thé limestone caves of the Mendips, and in those on Durdham 
Down, lead to similar explanations of their introduction. 
The humerus of a Rhinoceros was discovered, associated with remains of 
the Hyena spelea, in one of the caves in the carboniferous limestone at Cefn 
in Denbighshire, at a height of about i00 feet above the present drainage of 
the country. 
Remains of the Rhinoceros were found associated with the entire under 
jaw of the old Hyzna in the drift at Lawford near Rugby ; where likewise, 
as has already been stated, fossils of the Elephas primigenius were found. 
With regard to the most instructive remains from this locality, as, for ex- 
ample, the cubitus, Cuvier expressly states that it belongs to the ‘ espéce 
cloisonnée* ;’ and again, with regard to the ‘os innominatum,’ that it seems 
to belong to the species with the osseous septum, viz. the Rhin. tichorhinus ; 
and with regard to the tibia and the cervical vertebra, Cuvier confines his 
observations to their differences as compared with the recent Rhin. Indicus 
(p. 84), or to their want of sufficiently distinguishing characters, p. 76. 
Cuvier expressly refers the two skulls of the Rhinoceros discovered in the 
drift at Newhaven, 15 feet below the surface, to the Rhin. tichorhinus. 
The teeth of the Rhinoceros from the cave at Kirkdale appear to me not 
to be distinguishable from those of the Rhin. tichorhinus. 
The finest and most entire specimens of the tichorhine Rhinoceros from 
the superficial drift or freshwater formations are in the collection of John 
Brown, Esq., of Stanway. He possesses the upper part of the skull, 29 inches 
in length ; showing the rough elliptical surfaces for the attachment of the two 
horns, and demonstrating more clearly than in any other British specimen, 
the osseous septum of the nose which characterizes the present extinct species. 
This specimen was discovered at Clacton : associated with it was a part of the 
lower jaw with the anchylosed symphysis, the length of which is 2 inches 
9 lines, and its breadth across the alveoli of the second molar teeth 4 inches. 
Cuvier seems disposed to admit, from the testimony of Pallas, that the Rhz. 
tichorhinus might have had small incisive teeth in the lower jaw: every 
trace of their alveoli, if such had existed, have disappeared in the instructive 
specimen above noticed. 
* Ossem. Foss, t. ii. pt. i. p. 80. 
