236 REPORT—1843. 
Remains of the Bos longifrons occur in the freshwater drift at Kensington, 
associated with those of the Mammoth. 
The above-described vontemporaneous fossil remains of Bovine animals 
from the British newer tertiary and drift formations clearly establish the im- 
portant fact, that species of that subgenus, to which belong the domesticated 
races of the Ox, are as ancient as those of the subgenus Urus, now represented 
by the great Aurochs of the Lithuanian forests ; and that the distinguishing 
characters of that wild race have not needed to be modified to produce the 
domestic breed, since wild species of Bos, as distinct as the domestic Ox now 
is from the Lithuanian Aurochs, coexisted with a gigantic species of Urus 
during the later tertiary periods of geology. 
Genus Capra. 
Frequent evidence of the smaller ruminating animals is afforded by fossil 
jaws, teeth and detached bones of the skeleton, and in a few cases by the 
characteristic appendages of the skull—horns or antlers, which then serve to 
identify the species or the genus of such fossils. 
A fragment of a lower jaw, containing one of the lateral series of six molar 
teeth, with a part of the skull having the perfect cores of the horns attached, 
was discovered by Mr. Brown in the newer pliocene deposits at Walton in 
Essex: these fossils were in the same condition as the bones of the large 
extinct Mammalia from the same formation. The jaw and teeth agreed in 
size and configuration with the same parts in the common Goat, and also 
in the Sheep; and the highly interesting question, which of these had ex- 
isted contemporaneously with the Mammoth and Rhinoceros, was satisfac- 
torily determined by the cranial fragment: in its shape and size, and espe- 
cially in the character of the cores of the horns, which were 2 inches in 
length, subcompressed, pointed, directed upwards, with a slight bend out- 
wards and backwards, it closely agreed with the common Goat (Capra Hir- 
cus), and with the short-horned female of the Wild Goat (Capra Aigagrus), 
the probable origin of the half-domesticated Goat of Europe. 
Whether the Capra 4gagrus or the Capra Ibex should be regarded as 
the stock of our domestic breed, has long been a question among naturalists; 
the weighty argument which may be drawn from the character of the wild 
species which was contemporary with the Bos primigenius and Bos longifrons, 
is shown by the present fossil to be in favour of the Capra A?gagrus. 
Genus Cervus, 
Subgenus Capreolus. 
In the collection of British fossils belonging to Mr. Purdue of Islington, 
there is an entire left ramus of the lower jaw of a small Ruminant, identical 
in size and conformation with that of the Roebuck (Cervus Capreolus). It 
was found in a lacustrine deposit of marl, with freshwater shells, below the bed 
of peat, at Newbury in Berkshire. «Antlers of the Roebuck have been found 
at ten feet deep below the fen-land of Cambridgeshire. The characteristic 
antlers, with portions of the jaws and teeth of the Roebuck, have been found 
in the bone-caves in Pembrokeshire, and in the neighbourhood of Stoke- 
upon-Trent. I have been favoured with specimens from the limestone caverns 
of the latter locality by Robert Garner, Esq., the author of the ‘ History of 
Staffordshire. Almost the entire skeleton of a small Ruminant, agreeing in 
size and general characters with the female Roe, has been discovered in the 
lacustrine formation at Bacton, with the remains of the Trogontherium, 
Mammoth, &e. 
Subgenus Elaphus. 
A large round-antlered Stag, nearly allied to, if not a variety of, the existing 
Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus, Linn.), was the associate of the great Aurochs, 
