182 REPORT— 1846. 
ichthyic development. Cuvier has applied the term ‘ ptérygoide interne’ 
to another part of the diverging appendage of the palato-maxillary arch, 
which part, I concur with Dr. Kostlin in regarding as homologically distinct 
from the ‘entopterygoid’ of fishes. For the part in question, viz. the ‘ os 
transverse’ of Cuvier in the skull of fishes (23, fig. 5), and its homologue in 
reptiles, which he calls ‘ ptérygoidien interne’ (24, fig. 22), I retain the term 
‘pterygoid’ (pterygoideum, Lat.), meaning pterygoid proper: and to the 
bone which Cuvier calls ‘transverse’ in reptiles (24', fig. 22), I apply the 
term ‘ectopterygoid’ (ectopterygoideum, Lat.) ; but this, as the table demon- 
strates, does not signify Cuvier's ‘os transverse’ in the skull of fishes. En- 
topterygoid, pterygoid and ectopterygoid, have, therefore, both the advantages 
of substantive terms, and of being applied steadily each to a distinct bony 
element. The ‘hérisséal’ of Geoffroy, like the ‘ ptérygoide interne’ uf Cuvier, 
means one thing in a fish and another in a crocodile ; Geoffroy has also en- 
cumbered the latter bone with a third synonym. ‘ Malar’ (madlare or os male, 
Lat.) is preferable to ‘jugal,’ because Cuvier applies that name to one bone 
in a fish, to another in a mammal, and to two essentially distinct though 
coalesced bones in a bird. Malar is also the name most commonly applied 
by English anthropotomists to the bone, to the true homologue of which I 
would restrict its application throughout the vertebrate series. 
With regard to the ‘squamosal’ (sguamosum, Lat. pars squamosa, &c., figs, 
22-25, 27), it may be asked why the term ‘ temporal’ might not have been re- 
tained for this bone. I reply, because that term has long been, and is now uni- 
versally, understood in human anatomy to signify a peculiarly anthropotomical 
coalesced congeries of bones which includes the ‘squamosal’ together with the 
‘ petrosal,’ the ‘tympanic,’ the ‘ mastoid,’ and the ‘stylohyal.’ It seems prefer- 
able, therefore, to restrict the signification of the term ‘ temporal’ to the whole 
(in Man) of which the ‘squamosal’ isa part. ‘To this part Cuvier has unfor- 
tunately applied the term ‘temporal’ in one class and ‘jugal’ in another: and 
he has also transferred the term ‘temporal’ to a third equally distinct bone in: 
fishes; whilst to increase the confusion, M. Agassiz has shifted the name toa 
fourth different bone in the skull of fishes. Whatever, therefore, may be the 
value assigned to the arguinents which will be presently set forth, as to the spe- 
cial homologies of the ‘ pars squamosa ossis temporis,’ I have felt compelled to 
express the conclusion by a definite term, and, in the present instance, have 
selected that which recalls best theaccepted anthropotomical designation of the 
part, although ‘squamosal’ must be understood and applied in an arbitrary 
sense, and not as descriptive of a scale-like form, which, in reference to the bone 
so called, is rather its exceptional than normal figure in the vertebrate series. 
The term ‘tympanic’ (tympanicum, Lat.) appears to have received the most 
general acceptance as applied to that bone which the early ornithotomists have 
called ‘os quadratum’ and ‘ os intermaxillare,’ (fig. 23,28) and which as a pro- 
cess of the human temporal, sometimes called ‘external auditory,’ supports the 
tympanic membrane (fig. 25,28). ‘Caisse’ is the French and ‘ pauke’ the Ger- 
man equivalent ; but Cuvier more commonly uses the phrase ‘ os tympanique.’ 
The chief point, in reference to that term, as applied by Cuvier, from which 
I find myself compelled to dissent from the great and ever-to-be-revered 
anatomist, relates to the view which he has taken of the large and long pe- 
dicle which supports the mandible in fishes, and which, in that class, is sub- 
divided into sometimes two, sometimes three, and commonly into four pieces. 
I regard this subdivision of the elongated supporting pedicle as explicable 
chiefly, if not solely, by reference to a final purpose, viz. to combine strength 
with a certain elastic yielding and power of recovery, in the constant and 
powerful movements to which it is subject in the transmission of the respi- 
