308 REPORT—1846. 
The bones of the face are reckoned as fourteen in number, viz.— 
The two malar (26) ; 
The two maxillary (21, 22) ; 
The two palatal (20) ; 
The two nasal (15) ; 
The two turbinal (19) ; 
The vomer (13), and 
The mandible (20-3). 
The detached portion of the hyoid arch (40, 41) and its appendages (47), 
together with the whole of the scapular arch and its appendages, are excluded 
from the category of the bones of the head. 
The natural classification of the bones of the human skull appears to me 
to be, first into those of 
The EnDo-sKELETON, 
The SPLANCHNO-SKELETON, and 
The Exo-sKELETON. 
The primary division of the bones of the endo-skeleton is into the four seg- 
ments, called 
Occipital vertebra, N 1, H1; 
Parietal vertebra, N 11, H 11; 
Frontal vertebra, N 111, H 11; 
Nasal vertebra, N tv, H tv. 
These are subdivided into the neural arches, called 
Epencephalic arch (1, 2, 3) ; 
Mesencephalic arch (5, 9, 7, 8); 
Prosencephalic arch (9, 10, 11 and 12) ; 
Rhinencephalic arch (13, 14, 15) : 
and into the hemal arches and their appendages, called 
Maxillary arch (20, 21 and 22) and appendages (24, 26, 27) ; 
Mandibular arch (28, 20-32) (no appendage) ; 
Hyoidean arch (3s, 40, 41) and appendages (46) ; 
Scapular arch (51 and 52) and appendages (53-58). 
The bones of the splanchno-skeleton, are 
The petrosal (16) and otosteals (16')* ; 
The turbinals (1s and 19) and teeth. (The sclerotals retain their primitive 
histological condition as fibrous membrane.) 
The bones of the exo-skeleton, are 
The lacrymals (73). 
* These ossicles are described by most anthropotomists as parts of the ‘temporal bone.’ 
‘Os temporum infantis magnopere ab osse temporum adulti differt ; labyrinthi et ossiculorum 
auditis fabrica absoluta est,” says Soemmerring in the classical work before cited (t. i. 
p- 132). The signification of the differences between the foetal and adult human temporal 
bone, which the great anthropotomist truly regarded as so remarkable, is made plain by 
anatomy ; which shows the bone to be an assemblage of several essentially distinct ones, and 
at the same time exposes the character of that singularly heterogeneous assemblage and 
coalescence of osseous elements to meet the exigences of the peculiarly developed frame of 
man. What the ‘ossicula auditis’ are, is a problem which still awaits careful additional 
research in the embryonic development of the hemal arches of the cranium, for its satis- 
factory solution. The question is not, of course, whether they are dismemberments of the 
‘temporal bone,’ since this has no real claim in any animal to an individual character; but 
whether the ossicles of the ear-drum in mammals are to be regarded, like the pedicle of the 
eye-ball in the plagiostomous fishes, as appendages to a sense-organ, and thereby as develop- 
ments of the splanchno-skeleton ; or whether they are, like the tympanic ring, modifications 
of the tympano-mandibular arch. The reasons are adduced in the Chapter on ‘Special 
Homology’ (p. 235) which have led me to view them as peculiar mammalian productions 
in relation to the exalted functions of a special organ of sense. 
