ON THE VERTEBRATE SKELETON. 331 
be added to the ‘ cervical,’ ‘thoracic or dorsal,’ ‘ lumbar,’ ‘ sacral,’ and ‘ coccy- 
geal or caudal.’ 
Such, with reference to the ‘general’ term ‘ vertebra,’ seems to be the 
advance of which anthropotomical science is susceptible, in order to keep 
progress and be in harmony with anatomy. 
As to the elements of the typical vertebra, anthropotomy has also its gene- 
ral phrases (see Table II. column vi. ‘Soemmerring.’), some of which are 
equivalent to the clearly defined technical terms of such elements in anatomy 
_ properly so called. 
The serial homology of the centrum (corpus vertebre) has been recognised 
in all the so-called ‘true vertebra,’ and in some of the ‘ false vertebre :’ thus 
Monro says, “ The fore-part of the os sacrum, analogous to the bodies of the - 
true vertebre, is smooth and flat*.” But their smooth and flat homotypes in 
the skull have only the special names of ‘basilar’ and ‘cuneiform’ processes ; of 
‘processus azygos’ and ‘vomer.’ The ‘neurapophyses’ are recognised as re- 
petitions of the same part under the definitions of ‘a bony bridge produced 
backwards from each side of the body of the vertebra,’ of ‘ areus posterior 
- vertebre,’ of « vertebral laminz’ or ‘ pedicles.’ Monro describes these rudi- 
mental elements in the last sacral vertebra as ‘ knobs,’ and in the first coccy- 
geal vertebra as its ‘shoulders.’ In the skull they receive the special defini- 
tions of “ the pieces of the occipital bone situated on each side of the great 
foramen ; from which nearly the whole condyles are producedt+ ” (partes late- 
rales seu condyloidee, Soem.); ‘great’ or ‘ temporal wings of the sphenoidal 
_ bonet;’ ‘ orbitar wings’ or ‘ processes of the sphenoidal bone ;’ ‘ nasal” or 
‘ vertical plate’ and ‘ cristi galli’ of the ethmoid (‘pars media ossis ethmoidei,’ 
_ Soem.). 
The neural spines are called generally ‘ spinal processes’ in every segment 
of the trunk: in the head they are known only by the special names of ‘oc- 
cipital plate,’ ‘ parietal bones,’ ‘ frontal bone,’ ‘ nasal bones.’ 
The pleurapophyses, when free, long, and slender, are called ‘ ribs,’ ‘verte- 
_ bral ribs,’ or ‘bony parts of the ribs’; when short and anchylosed, they are 
, called, in the neck, “the second transverse processes that come out from the 
_ sides of the body of each vertebra§ ;” (radix prior processus transversi ver- 
7 tebre, Soem.;) in the sacrum ‘transverse processes’ and ‘ilium’; in the skull, 
* scapula’, ‘styloid process of the temporal bone,’ ‘ external auditory or tym- 
i panic process of the same bone’; ‘ palatine bone.’ 
_ In like manner the serial homology of the hemapophyses is recognised in 
the thoracic region by the general term ‘ cartilages of the ribs’ or ‘ cartilages 
_ of the sternum’ there applied to the same elements of twelve successive seg- 
_ ments. When ossified in other vertebre they have received the special names 
_ of ‘ischium,’ ‘ pubis,’ ‘ coracoid process of the scapula,’ ‘clavicle,’ ‘ appendix * 
_ or lesser cornua of the hyoid bone,’ (‘ crwra superiora,’ ‘os linguale superius,’ 
_ Soem.), ‘lower jaw’ or mandibula, ‘ upper jaw’ or mazilla. 
' The exigences of descriptive anthropotomy and its highly important ap- 
_ plications to Medicine and Surgery necessitate such special nomenclature, and 
the reform which that nomenclature chiefly requires is the substitution of 
names in the place of phrases for the parts of the human body. 
_ But the retention and use of specific names for specially modified elements 
in the different segments by no means precludes the entertainment of general 
_ ideas and the necessity of expressing them by generic names for the homo- 
4 logous elements in the entire series of vertebre. 
If anthropotomy is to make corresponding progress with anatomy, and 
_ to derive the same light from the generalizations of zootomical science which 
, * Monro, J. c. p. 138. + L. c. p. 76. t L.c, p. 86. § L. ae 126, 
Zz 
