112 REPORT—1852. 
nocolura, on the frontiers of Egypt. He evidently believes that Luli fled by land. 
Dr. Hincks reads the name Yavan, and believes it to be the country to which the 
Yavnay belonged, or the Grecian islands, including perhaps Crete. He observed 
that, in the Khorsabad inscriptions, an invasion of seven kings of this country is men- 
tioned, and they are said to have been seven days on their voyage. This implies 
that they came from Crete, or from beyond it. What makes this matter most in- 
teresting is, that the flight of the Tyrians to Yavan, which is represented in the se- 
venty-first plate of Mr. Layard’s Monuments of Nineveh, seems to be the fulfilment 
of the prophecy in Isaiah xxiii. 12. Tyre, the daughter of Sidon, is here passing 
over to Chittim. Commentators have looked to the time of Nebuchadnezzar for the 
fulfilment of this prophecy; but here is a more direct fulfilment than could have 
occurred then, more than 100 years earlier, and not above fifteen years after the 
prophecy was delivered. The sculpture evidently refers to a flight, not to a warlike 
expedition, as women and unarmed persons are represented in the ships; and an 
adjoining slab represented the castle of Tyre on the sea shore, and a woman, who 
had embarked, receiving a child from a man on the shore. After this digression, 
the identity of ‘ Baal Zephon, the great copper mine,” with the place of that name, 
before or over against which Pihahiroth was situated, was maintained. Baal Zephon 
was supposed to be Surabat el Khadem; and it was maintained that Pihahiroth 
must be on the part of the coast which fronted this mine; a position which agreed 
with that of the coast south of Rds ’Atdkah, but by no means with any part of the 
‘ coast north of it. This was considered to refute the opinion which so many have 
adopted of late years, that the Israelites crossed the sea in the neighbourhood of 
Suez. Dr. Hincks observed, in conclusion, that the truth of the narrative in the 
book of Exodus was one for the theologian and not for the geographer. The po- 
sition of Pihahiroth, whether close by Suez or to the south of Ras ’Atakah, was a 
geographical question. If the former opinion prevailed, another geographical ques- 
tion arose, whether a multitude of people could cross the sea in that place, under 
any circumstances of wind or tide, without the laws of nature being suspended. But 
if the latter opinion be adopted, there is no room for this second question. Every 
one must admit, that, below the Cape, if the Israelites crossed at all, they must 
have crossed the broad and deep sea, when the water must have stood as a wall on 
their right hand and on their left, as the narrative expressly affirms that it did. 

Latest Explorations in South Africa to the North of Lake N’gami. By 
Messrs. Livineston and OswELuL. 
On the Expedition to the Interior of Central Australia in search of 
Dr. Leichardt. 
On the Proposed Expedition to ascend the Niger to its Source. 
By Lieut. L. Macteop, RN. 
In the contract lately made by the Admiralty with Mr. M‘Gregor Laird, for the 
conveyance of the mail to the west coast of Africa, there is a clause by which the 
contractor binds himself to supply a steam-vessel suitable for river work, for the 
purpose of geographical and scientific research, at the small cost of 46. per mile. By 
taking advantage of this clause, Mr. Macleod proposes to open the Niger and the 
Chadda to the commerce of this country and continue researches as to the course 
and source or sources of that river. 

Notes on the Distribution of Animal Life in the Arctic Regions. 
By A. Petermann, F.R.G.S. 
The occurrence of animals in the arctic regions, and its bearing on the missing 
expedition under Sir John Franklin, is a subject which has of late excited a good 
deal of interest, and has given rise to the most conflicting opinions: some have 
maintained the existence of animals in the arctic regions in great numbers, afford- 
ing abundance of food to man; others as stoutly insisted upon the extreme 

