72 REPORT—1848. 
quantities while on the filter with lime-water, and washing out the excess of 
lime, I obtained small quantities of the lime compound of alizarin for the 
same purpose. The same process was used for obtaining small quantities of 
rubiacin, alpha-resin, beta-resin, pectic acid and rubian, and their lime com- 
pounds. Each experiment was performed with the same quantity of water, 
at as nearly as possible the same temperature, and occupied the same length 
of time, viz. half an hour. The substances used, and their quantities, were 
as follows :— 
1. 4 grain of alizarin. 
2. +5 gr. alizarin. 
3. =); gr. alizarin and =; gr. alizarin in combination with lime. 
4. #, gr. alizarin and #5 gr. alizarin in combination with lime. 
5. 4 gr. alizarin and } gr. rubiacin. 
gr. alizarin and 4 gr. rubiacin in combination with lime. 
gr. alizarin and 35 gr. rubiacin in combination with lime. 
. alizarin and 3 gr. pectic acid. 
r. alizarin and 3 gr. pectic acid in combination with lime. 
10. 4 gr. alizarin and } gr. alpha-resin. 
r. alizarin and } gr. alpha-resin in combination with lime. 
. alizarin and 4 gr. beta-resin. 
gr. alizarin and § gr. beta-resin in combination with lime. 
14, % gr. alizarin and 4 gr. rubian. 
15. 4 gr. alizarin and % gr. rubian in combination with lime. 
Now the following results were obtained :—No. 1 was everything that 
could be desired in regard to all the colours. No. 2 was of course only half 
as dark. No. 3 was lighter than No.1, and the white parts had a pink hue. 
No. 4 was alittle darker than No. 8, but not as dark as No. 1. No. 5 was 
much inferior to No. 1; the red had an orange hue, the purple a reddish cast, 
and the black was brown, while the white was yellowish. No. 6 was equal 
to No. 1, but not darker, and inno respect superior. No. 7 was about equal 
to No. 4. No. § had almost no colour at all; the red, the purple and the 
black were mere tinges of colour, such as might probably have been pro- 
duced by the tenth part of the quantity of alizarin employed, if no pectic 
acid had been present. No, 9 was again equal to No. 1. No. 10 was lighter 
than No. 1, the purple especially being pale and reddish, while the white parts 
were yellowish. No. 11 was equal to No. 1, but not superior. No. 12 was 
exactly the same as No. 10, the purple having a disagreeable reddish cast, 
while the white parts were yellowish. No. 13 was again equal to No. 1. 
No. 14 and 15 did not differ from one another, and were equal to No. 1. 
Hence we may draw the following conclusions :—Alizarin produces the 
greatest effect in dyeing when used alone. The addition of lime, even in 
very small quantities, does not increase its tinctorial power, but on the con- 
trary neutralizes the effect of that portion with which it combines. Rubiacin, 
the alpha-resin and the beta-resin, in a free state, when used in conjunction 
with alizarin, are injurious in about the same degree: they weaken the red, 
the black, and especially the purple, while they render the white part yel- 
lowish. In combination with lime these substances do not increase the tinc- 
torial power of alizarin, they merely allow it to act without hindrance. Pectic 
acid almost destroys the effect of alizarin. Pectate of lime is perfectly in- 
different. Rubian in a free state, and in combination with lime, has neither 
a beneficial nor an injurious effect. Of all the substances therefore contained 
in madder, none is of use in dyeing but alizarin, while all the others are in- 
jurious when in a free state. That which is the most hurtful is pectic acid. 
OND 
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