TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 85 



zanlik and Cape Emineh, and not five only, as Von Hammer enumerates. And he 

 observed that " the most extraordinary fact is that Marshal Diebitsch, as well as 

 Darius, crossed the Hasmus by roads unknown to that most learned historian of the 

 Turkish empire." 



General Jochmus likewise establishes several ancient localities where Darius halted 

 with his army. At Bunarhissar, near the Kuchuk Balkan, he unsuccessfully searched 

 for the ancient inscription with the letters like " nails," mentioned by Herodotus 

 (Melp. c. 91), and which Abdallah Aga described to him as being "in ancient 

 Syrian or Assyrian (Eski Souriani)," and which he "maintained having seen in the 

 Tekeh every day for upwards of the eight years which he passed there as a Der- 

 vish," But he seems to have been more fortunate in finding the clear streams of 

 the Teams, near the latter town, and which have been incorrectly named Teara Sugi, 

 or 'Teara's Waters,' by Von Hammer. He has identified the ancient river Artiscus 

 of Herodotus with that now named Teke, near the new Bulgarian colony of Dewlet 

 Agatch, in the former territory of the Odryssse. 



Mr. Hogg said it was one of the chief objects of the author to ascertain the line of 

 march and operations of Darius through this country, and he dwelt on the following 

 passage : " Darius crossed the Bosphorus on a bridge of boats connecting the two conti- 

 nent at the site of the present new Castles of Asia and Europe (see Gibbon, and Herod. 

 Melp. c. 87), encamped successively at the sources of the Tearus (Bunarhissar), and 

 on the banks of the Teke, or Artiscus (at Dewlet Agatch), and following the 

 direction of Burgas and Achioly, and subjecting the sea-towns, he passed after- 

 wards the Balkan by the defiles parallel to the sea-coast from Mesivria to Jowaa 

 Dervish, moving from south to north, by the same roads which were chosen by 

 Generals Roth and Riidiger, and by Marshal Diebitsch himself, who proceeded from 

 north to south in 1829. The Russians also in 1828, and Darius about 2300 years 

 before them, passed the Danube ' at that part of the river where it begins to branch 

 off' (Melp. c. 89), that is, near the modern Issatscha." 



The route to the Great Balkan, the true Hsemus range, which General Jochmus, 

 looking to the nature of the country, supposes that Alexander the Great took in his 

 march from Amphipoiis to the Danube, he has fixed, where Alexander must, either 

 at Bogasdere, or at the entrance of the neighbouring valley Charamd^re, at the foot 

 of one of the wildest gorges of the Balkan, have fought the battle with the 

 Thracians, as is recorded by Arrian (lib. i. c. 1). The aspect of those defiles, the 

 steepness of the mountains in parts of that ascent of the Balkan, and the distance 

 from Amphipoiis, caused the author to arrive at that conclusion. 



But as to the site of the battle between Alexander and the Triballians, which 

 occurred about 335 B.C., the General, exploring the country to the west of Varna 

 on the Black Sea, says, " the Parawadi river runs nearly parallel to the Hsemus and 

 to the Danube, and considering that from Varna, as well as from Parawadi, the 

 distance to Silistria is computed at twenty-four hours, or three days' march, there 

 can be no doubt but that the Parawadi river is the Lyginos described by Arrian 

 as 'distat id ab Istro, si quis .(Emum versus proficiscatur, itinere tridui.'" The 

 Lyginos is not stated by the historian to flow into the Ister or Danube, as the great 

 Austrian map and other authorities have made it, "at Dshibra Palanka, between 

 Nicopoli and Widdin, opposite to some islands. It is this collateral circumstance 

 of the islands at the mouth of the Dshibra Palanka river which most likely caused 

 the error, for Arrian speaks of an island of the Lyginos." 



From an examination of the district adjoining upon the two lakes of Devno to 

 the west of Varna, General Jochmus is persuaded that the isthmus between those 

 lakes, a little west of Buyuk Aladin, is the ground of Alexander's action, it being 

 " formed into an island by the two principal outlets of the Parawadi, or Lyginos 

 river, which traverses" both the lakes. 



Further, the General has thus determined Alexander's line of march and exploits 

 from Macedonia to the Danube. He thinks he proceeded "from Amphipoiis 

 (Emboli), leaves Philippi (ruins of Filibfe) and Mount Orbelus on its left, crosses 

 the Nesus (Carasu), and following the high road by the present Fereshik, Dimotika, 

 Kirklissia and Aidos, gets to the foot of Mount Hiemus, where he arrives ' on the 

 tenth day.' Here he fights the action with the Thracians at Bogasdere, or Charam- 

 dere, forces these defiles, and crosses the Haemus (Balkan) by the main road to 

 Parawadi, ' on the Lyginos.' From Parawadi, Alexander moves by the present 



