DopDGE: METHODS OF CULTURE OF ASCOBOLACEAE 149 
of chlamydospores”’ noted by Miss Ternetz (1900) in connection 
with the mycelium of Ascophanus carneus. 
TABLE I does not include the names of several who have 
cultivated Ascodesmis from the germinated spores: Zukal (1885), 
Claussen (1905), Dangeard (1907), Bainier (1907). It is evident 
that the spores of Rhyparobius germinate readily in dung decoc- 
tion and those of Thelebolus stercoreus can be germinated with 
difficulty in the same medium. The only satisfactory evidence 
that spores of species of Ascobolus have been germinated in arti- 
ficial media is furnished by Boudier (A. carbonarius), Janczewski 
(A. furfuraceus), and Massee & Salmon (A.albidus). Janczewski’s 
method involved the process of the digestion of the spores by the 
animal and is not practicable for artificial culture work. Boudier 
germinated the spores of A. carbonarius but reported no further 
growth. Massee & Salmon report that they obtained fruits 
of Ascobolus artificially in cultures started by the germination 
of the ascospores. As previously noted, page 143, Brefeld obtained 
abundant growths of apothecia of A. denudatus from mycelium 
that also produced oidia. Zukal (1889) grew Ascobolus immersus 
by a series of transfers on sterilized dung. Dangeard (1907) 
reports growing several species of Ascobolus in artificial cultures 
but he does not describe his methods. 
Various terms are now in use to designate the initial organs 
of the ascocarp. -It is difficult to choose a term that shall include 
such simple fertile hyphae as exist in the Erysiphaceae, Monascus, 
and Pyronema and at the same time the complicated structures 
found in Aspergillus, in species of the Ascobolaceae, and in the 
lichens. The word archicarp will be used in this discussion when 
referring to the branch consisting wholly or in part of the oogonium 
en oh morphological equivalent, the oogonium being that organ 
Which produces the egg that is fertilized. 
In Sphaerotheca the oogonium is a uninucleated cell (Harper, 
1896), in P yronema it is multinucleated (Harper, 1900). In 
oo carneus, according to Cutting (1909), there is a 
iar vegetative nuclei in each of four or five cells of the 
des oy but such variations, if they occur, do not necessarily 
€ morphological equivalence of the organs in question. 
he trichogyne is an outgrowth of the oogonium and functions 
