942 RoBINSON: PTERIDOPHYTA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 
by a single genus, Cibotium, which forms a conspicuous part of 
the fern forest in the region of the active volcano Kilauea, on 
Hawaii, and appears above 600 m. elevation on the other islands, 
though, doubtless, its size is greatest in the forests below Kilauea, 
in Puna and Olaa. Three species are associated in this locality, 
and these apparently intergrade. 
Trunks of Cibotium have been used to make fences by placing 
them side by side like a palisade, and as they regenerate their 
crowns they make a most effective enclosure. On Mr. Snow's 
estate at Glenwood, 22 miles from Hilo, walks have been made of 
boards sawed from fern trunks, probably of C. Menziesit, which 
contain some boards 1 m. in width. On this estate and on the 
Hitchcock place adjoining, C. Menziesii growing in the open has 
attained a height of 16 m. or more. 
The wooly scales at the base of the leafstalks, known comr 
mercially as pulu, were used formerly to a considerable extent as 
stuffing for mattresses, and the pulu-gatherers were ruthless in 
their destruction of old trees to obtain this commodity. Now, 
however, pulu has fallen into disuse and is no longer exported. 
CIBOTIUM Kaulf. Jahrb. Pharm. 21: 53. 1820 
Pinonia Gaud. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3: 507. 1824. 
Rootstock usually arborescent with numerous large, chafty 
scales at the apex; leafstalks not articulate; blades deltoid-ovate, 
bipinnate to quadripinnate, the pinnules stalked; sor! valvate 
capsules, consisting of a cuplike outgrowth from the margin ° 
the lobe of the pinnule and the indusium, which forms a lidlit 
covering. Sporangia stalked. 
The leaves of all Hawaiian species are tripinnate. 
Type species: Cibotium Chamissoi Kaulf. 
Caudex 4-8 m. high; leafstalk 3-4 m. long, covered with soft, 
brown scales atthe base, with black, hairlike scales above; 
blades 3-4 m. long; sinuses between the segments of the 
pinnules broad, shallow, often margined with sori; fertile veins : eal ah 
mostly simple, usually 7 or less to a segment. C. 
n 3 m. high, usually about 2 m. high; leafstalk 
clothed at the base with soft, brownish scales, upper portion 
naked; blades less than 3 m. long; sinuses between segments of 
pinnules narrow, acute; fertile veins simple or once forked. 
Lower surface of blade dull glaucous, for the most part strongly chamissth 
tomentulose; veins 6-8 to a segment, simple or forked. C. 
