THE RED-THROATED DIVER. 199 
place of diving under water, as its ordinary habit is when threatened, 
it boldly attacks its enemies with its beak. Its skin serves the 
Greenlanders as clothing. It inhabits the Arctic seas of both hemis- 
pheres, is abundant about the Hebrides, in Norway, in Sweden, and 
even on the coast of Scotland. Its appearance on the French coast 
is very irregular, and only after great storms. 
When on a long journey, they keep at a great height, moving 
rapidly in a direct course with outstretched wings. On these occa- 
sions they exceed the speed of most of their congeners. With their 
long outstretched necks and snow-white breasts, from their compara- 
tively short wings, they present a curious and novel sight. When 
swimming they are extremely vigilant, and permit nothing to 
approach them. On the appearance of a boat they glide as it were 
out of sight under the water, without noise or flutter, and thence 
pursue their way with great rapidity, using wings as well as feet to 
propel themselves. 
THE PENGUINS (AZtenodytes) 
belong exclusively to cold countries. They rarely quit the vicinity 
of land, yet seldom come ashore except in the breeding season, or 
when driven by squalls and storms from their favourite element. On 
shore they are compelled to sit erect. They carry the head very high 
and the neck stretched out, while their short winglets are advanced 
like two diminutive arms. When they sit perched in flocks on some 
lofty projecting rock they might be mistaken at a distance for a line 
of soldiers. 
At certain periods of the year the Penguins assemble on the 
beach as if they met preconcertedly for deliberation. These as- 
semblies last for a day or two, and are conducted with an obvious 
degree of solemnity. When the meeting results in a decision, they 
proceed to work with great activity. Upon a ledge of rock, suffi- 
ciently level and of the necessary size; they trace a square with one 
of its sides parallel and overlooking the edge of the water, which is 
left open for the egress of the colony. Then with their beaks they 
proceed to collect all the stones in the neighbourhood, which they 
heap up outside the lines marked out, to serve them as a wall to 
shelter them from the prevailing winds. During the night these 
Openings are guarded by sentinels. They afterwards divide the 
enclosure into smaller squares, each large enough to receive a certain 
“number of nests, with a passage between each square. No architect 
could arrange the plan in a more regular manner. 
