58 DR ANDERSON ON CODEINE, AND 
whom it has been examined. Codeine has been analysed by its discoverer, 
RosiqueEt, and by Coverse, Reanavutt, Witt, Gregory, and Grruarpt. All the 
analyses of these observers I have brought together in the following table, in 
which, however, the per centage results are not those found in the original papers, 
but have been calculated from the analytical numbers according to the new equi- 
valent of carbon.* 
Anhydrous Codeine. 





ROBIQUET.f CovEerBE.f REGNAULT.§ GreEoorRY.|| WILL.9 
Carbon, - 70:°363 71:59 72:10 73°31 72-93 73:18 73°27 
Hydrogen, ‘ 7-585 712 paid. 7:19 7:23 7:23 7°25 
Nitrogen, . 5°353 5:23 4:89 4:89 4:82 
Oxygen, : 16:°699 16-06 + 14:61 14:95 14:77 
100-00 100-00 100:00 100-00 100:00 
Crystallised Codeine. 
GERHARDT.** 
Carbon, ; : F ‘ f 67:77 67:87 
Hydrogen, . ’ c : : 7:59 7°33 
Nitrogen, : 5 é 4 be Je 
Oxygen, 
From these analyses, four different formulze have been deduced. Two of these, 
however, those of RoziquEet and CoveErss, do not require particular mention, as 
they were unsupported by any accurate determination of the atomic weight of 
the substance, and are now certainly known not to represent its true constitu- 
tion. That which has been hitherto most generally adopted by chemists is the one 
founded by RecNnav.r upon his analysis, and represents codeine as C,, H,, NO,, 
and the crystallised base as C,, H,, NO, +2 HO; the calculation of which gives 


Anhydrous. Crystallised. 
Carbon, . : F 73°94 69°53 
Hydrogen, ; : 7:04 7:28 
Nitrogen, . F 5 4:92 4-63 
Oxygen, . ‘ 5 14:10 18°50 
100-00 100:00 
The analyses of Witt and Grecory have usually been quoted in confirma- 
tion of this formula. It is clear, however, that the agreement between the calcu- 
lated and experimental results is by no means satisfactory, either in them or in 
* In the case of Ropiquer and Wix1’s analyses, the details of the experiment are not given. I 
have, therefore, been obliged to convert the per centage of carbon into carbonic acid, according to the 
old equivalent of carbon, and recalculate it into carbon according to the new equivalent. 
+ Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol. li., p 265. 
t Ibid., vol. lix., p. 158. § Ibid., vol. lxviii., p. 136. 
|| Annalen der Chimie und Pharmacie, vol. xxvi., p. 44. {| Ibid. 
** Revue Scientifique, vol. x., p. 203. 
