Box.— Vol. II.] PEIRCE— SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS. 9I 



below the surface of the soil. The green suckers, on the 

 other hand, are enough tougher to survive the winter. In 

 this spot, therefore, white suckers with parts above ground 

 which are two years old are not to be found ; but near and just 

 under the ground are well-formed buds which, surviving the 

 winter cold, form the next year's growth of white suckers. 

 In this difference in abiHty to resist cold, we have one of 

 the physiological differences between the dependent white 

 suckers and the independent green suckers. Whether this 

 is merely a coincidence or a fundamental difference in vigor 

 which forces the white suckers, unable to form chlorophyll, 

 to draw food from the parent if they are to survive, who 

 can tell ? 



This difference between white and green suckers is not 

 everywhere visible. White redwoods of fair height and 

 age are reported, indefinitely to be sure, from various 

 places in the Santa Cruz Mountains. I have seen white 

 redwoods several years old. These, however, came from 

 places of lighter frosts, if any frost at all touches them 

 during the winter. 



Turning now to the anatomy of the white and the green 

 suckers, we see certain peculiarities in the white which 

 demand remark. The leaves evidently present the most 

 marked differences. The leaves of the white suckers are 

 similar in size, form, kind and arrangement to those of the 

 green. There are two kinds of leaves on both green and 

 white suckers — the early or young form, large, long, few, 

 scattered along the stem or branch — and the later or mature 

 form, smaller, shorter, more numerous, regularly placed along 

 the branches, giving to these leafy branches the typical flat 

 and thin dorsi-ventral aspect as compared with the more 

 nearly radial arrangement in the young plant. These two 

 forms, found on the suckers, are also found on seedlings. 

 According to Goebel (1898), the young form is to be re- 

 garded as presenting the original leaf-form and leaf-arrange- 

 ment in the Gymnosperms. The rudimentary characters to 

 be discussed later, which are found in the leaves of the 

 white suckers, would lead one to beHeve that sooner or later 



