523 
feeling to what the Turks and Tartars now have as to the 
repetition of vowels. The latter assimilate vowels to others 
in the same word, but the Accadians made them different 
when they would naturally be similar. The Accadians 
usually terminated their adjectives in a; but they changed the 
a into another vowel, when the vowel of the first syllable was 
a, followed by but a single consonant. They said jida, gula, 
and even danga, but they said gadu, in place of gada. On 
a like principle the primitive people converted hwu-ku into 
hwaku when they combined the two words into one. 
‘The progressive changes in the pronoun of the first person 
singular are, then, these :— 
‘The primitive form was HWU, ‘ ae i 
from which came HW A-KU, for hwu-ku, ‘I here.’ 
‘From the former of these is immediately derived the Ac- 
cadian affix mu; which, with a final nasal, became the nomi- 
native singular mun. From these the different Ugrian forms 
are derivable: 
“‘ From the same Aww is derived, by shortening or omitting 
the final vowel, the Semitic preformative and affix; of which 
the forms first in use were hwd and hw’, softened into yd and 
a, and into 7, a, or a mere nullity. 
« From the same hwu are again derived the various forms of 
the oblique cases of the singular pronoun in all the Indo- 
European languages, the personal endings in all the tenses 
and numbers of verbs, and several dual and plural forms of 
the pronoun, both in the nominative and in the oblique cases. 
These it is unnecesary to develop. 
“From the latter form, in the primitive language, we have, 
by dropping the digamma, AKU, the parent form of all the 
Indo-European nominatives. The consonant is preserved in 
Gothic, changed into g in the classical languages, and into 
sh or z in Lithuanian and Sclavonic. The first vowel has 
degenerated into 7 in all the Gothic and Teutonic forms ; a is 
preserved in the other families, for the classical e is only a 
