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of the horse ; in the latter, the epiglottis is very large, 

 erect, elastic, and light-coloured ; but in the elephant it is short 

 and thick, with but little elasticity, and covered by a soft, pulpy, 

 mucous membrane. The chordte vocales are short and weak, 

 the superior are wanting, and there are no ventricles or sacculi 

 laryngis ; whereas in the horse the chordae are beautifully de- 

 veloped, the rima is narrow, and the ventricles are very capa- 

 cious, and when distended bulge out between the fasciculi of 

 the thyro-arytenoid muscles. In both animals the hyo-epi- 

 glotidean muscles are very large, but particularly so in the 

 elephant ; in the latter, the general laryngeal tube is very di- 

 latable, but the rima is very deficient, and the contrary is the 

 case in the horse. We may infer, therefore, that in the latter 

 the function of voice essentially resides in the larynx, though 

 modified by the passage of the air through the fauces and 

 nares ; whereas in the elephant the larynx would appear to 

 have little effect on the air, in producing those varieties of 

 tone so peculiar to this animal. In fact, the elephant may be 

 said to have two distinct voices ; one is the loud, monotonous 

 roar, caused oy the forcible passage of the air through the di- 

 lated larynx; the other consists of those piping trumpet-sounds, 

 effected by the action of the numerous muscles of the proboscis 

 on the air passing through this double tube. 



" The trachea in the horse is eminently elastic, dilatable, 

 and contractile ; the extremities of the cartilages overlap each 

 other, and the transverse muscular fibres pass beneath these, 

 and are inserted into the cartilages a little behind their centre, 

 so that a transverse section of the tube gives the appearance 

 of its being divided into two, the anterior larger one for the 

 passage of the air, the posterior smaller one occupied by reti- 

 cular tissue. In the elephant the trachea possesses but little 

 elasticity, the cartilages are nearly annular, and their ex- 

 tremities are connected by tough ligamentous tissue, in which 

 I cannot discover any transverse muscular fibres." 



