GEOLOGICAL SECTION. 19 
into the dead man’s hand, and in our own country the war horse is 
led in a general’s funeral. 
The Hieroglyphic writing is an entremely complicated kind of 
picture writing. Examples of picture writing were shown : one, the 
record of an expedition across a lake, and the other an Indian 
petition which was actually presented to the United States Govern- 
ment not many years ago, ‘The fact that the Hieroglyphics are so 
complicated is of itself a proof of man’s existence at a time long 
before 4500 B.C., this inscription being the oldest writing which has 
survived. For proof of man’s existence at a still earlier time, one 
must look to other sources. Human bones, or things bearing the 
mark of human workmanship, would be sufficient. 
Attention was drawn to the presence in many of our lime- 
stone hills of winding passages, or caves—due to the erosion of the 
rock by trickling water, and not necessarily bearing any connection 
with the sea at all. Under the floors—z.e., the stalagmite—of the caves 
are to be found the teeth and bones of animals which are no longer 
living in Enlgand, and often quite extinct. 
One of the most celebrated of such caves is Kent’s Cave at 
Torquay. An account was given of the first attempt to systematically 
explore it by Macenery, and of the facts which led him to the con- 
clusion that man had been living in Britain at the same time as the 
mammoth, hyzena, rhinoceros, Irish elk, etc. Macenery’s “ finds,” 
and the deductions he drew from them, were submitted to Professor 
Buckland, of Oxford, who at once accepted the flint implements as of 
human workmanship, but held that they had come to lie side by side 
with the remains of extinct animals by accident, and not in the natural 
course of events ; and that, therefore, Macenery’s conclusions were 
not to be accepted. The question lay in this unsatisfactory condition 
for more than 30 years. People could not believe that man had 
been contemporary with races of animals, many of which have since 
disappeared from the face of the earth by the slow process of 
- extinction. [In connection with this part of the subject the lecturer 
shewed flint implements, the remains of cave fauna, and diagrams 
of harpoons made of reindeer antler, bone bodkins, &c., and 
explained the points by which one distinguishes between the flint 
implements and frost nipped flints, and the modes in which the 
implements were probably manufactured. | 
In 1858 the question as to the contemporaneity of man and the 
mammoth was settled beyond question by the discovery and 
exploration of Brixham Cave, some six miles from Torquay. Its first 
